1. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Chapter 2 Circuit Elements

2. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.1-1 A temperature sensor.

3. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.2-1 Thomas A. Edison in the laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey. He is shown with his Edison lamps, discovered in 1879. Courtesy of Edison National Historical Site.

4. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.2-2 Edison’s tower of lights, shown at the Philadelphia Exhibition, 1884. Courtesy of Edison National Historical Site.

5. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.3-1 (a) An automobile ignition circuit and (b) model of the ignition circuit for starting a car.

6. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.3-2 An element with an excitation current i and a response v.

7. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.3-3 (a) An incandescent lamp. (b) Voltage–current relationship for an incandescent lamp. The lamp is linear within the range  i m  i  i m.

8. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.3-3

9. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.4-1 (a) The entry node of the current i is the positive node of the voltage v, (b) the entry node of the current i is the negative node of the voltage v. The current flows from the entry node to the exit node.

10. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.4-2 Collection of active and passive circuit elements used for an electrical circuit. Courtesy of Hewlett- Packard Co.

11. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-1 Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), who determined Ohm’s law in 1827. The ohm was chosen as the unit of electrical resistance in his honor.

12. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-2 Symbol for a resistor having a resistance of R ohms.

13. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-3 A resistor operating within its specified current range,  i m, can be modeled by Ohm’s law.

14. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-4 A resistor with element current and element voltage.

15. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-5 (a) Wirewound resistor with an adjustable center tap. (b) Wirewound resistor with a fixed tap. Courtesy of Dale Electronics.

16. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-6 Small thick-film resistor chips used for miniaturized circuits. Courtesy of Corning Electronics.

17. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-7 A 1/4-watt metal film resistor. The body of the resistor is 6-mm long. Courtesy of Dale Electronics.

18. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.5-8 Model of a car battery and the headlight lamp.

19. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.6-1 (a) Voltage source. (b) Current source.

20. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.6-2 (a) A plot of battery voltage versus battery current. (b) The battery is modeled as an independent voltage source.

21. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.6-3 (a).Open circuit. (b) Short circuit.

22. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.7-1 (a) A direct-reading (analog) meter. (b) A digital meter.

23. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.7-2 (a) Ideal ammeter. (b) Ideal voltmeter.

24. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.7-3 (a) An example circuit, (b) plus an open circuit and a short circuit. (c) The open circuit is replaced by a voltmeter, and the short circuit is replaced by an ammeter. All resistance are in ohms.

25. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.7-4 (a) The correspondence between the color-coded probes of the voltmeter and the reference direction of the measured voltage. In (b) the  sign of v a is on the left, while in (c) the  sign of v b is on the right. The colored probe is shown here in blue. In the laboratory this probe will be red. We will refer to the colored probe as the “red probe”.

26. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.7-5 (a) The correspondence between the color-coded probes of the ammeter and the reference direction of the measured current. In (b) the current i a is directed to the right, while in (c) the current i b is directed to the left. The colored probe is shown here in blue. In the laboratory this probe will be red. We will refer to the colored probe as the “red probe”.

27. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.8-1 (a) A symbol for a transistor. (b) A model of the transistor. (c) A transistor amplifier. (d) A model of the transistor amplifier.

28. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.8-2 A circuit containing a VCVS. The meters indicate that the voltage of the controlling element is v c = 2.0 volts and that the current of the controlled element is i d = 1.5 amperes.

29. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.8-1 A circuit containing a CCCS. The meters indicate that the current of the controlling element is i c   1.2 amperes and that the voltage of the controlled element is v d 24  volts.

30. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.8-2 A circuit containing a VCCS. The meters indicate that the voltage of the controlling element is v c   2.0 volts and that the voltage of the controlled element is v d  2.2 volts.

31. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.8-3 A circuit containing a CCVS. The meters indicate that the current of the controlling element is i c  1.25 amperes and that the current of the controlled element is i d  1.75 amperes.

32. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.9-1 (a) The symbol and (b) a model for the potentiometer.

33. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.9-2 (a) A circuit containing a potentiometer. (b) An equivalent circuit containing a model of the potentiometer.

34. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.9-3 (a) The symbol and (b) a model for the temperature sensor.

35. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.10-1 SPST switches. (a) Initially open and (b) initially closed.

36. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.10-2 SPDT switches. (a) Break before make and (b) make before break.

37. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.10-3 (a) A circuit containing several switches. (b) The equivalent circuit for t  0 s. (c) The equivalent circuit for 0  t  2 s. (d) The equivalent circuit for t  2 s.

38. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.10-1 A circuit with an SPST switch that opens at t  3 seconds.

39. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.10-2 A circuit with two SPST switches.

40. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.10-3 A circuit with a make-before-break SPDT switch.

41. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 2.10-4 A circuit with a break-before-make SPDT switch.

42. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.11-1 A circuit with meters.

43. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.12-1 A temperature sensor.

44. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.12-2 (a) Measuring temperature with a temperature sensor. (b) Adding a short circuit. (c) Replacing the short circuit by an ammeter.

45. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.12-3 (a) Final design of a circuit that measures temperature with a temperature sensor. (b) Graph of temperature versus ammeter current.

46. Chapter 2: Circuit Elements ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 2.13-1 (a) Physical circuit made up of devices. (b) Its circuit model made up of circuit elements.