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SCIENCE Test 1: Passage 2.

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1 SCIENCE Test 1: Passage 2

2 Passage 2 Substances in the atmosphere, such as Cu2 +, Zn2+, Cl−, and SO42− ions, are carried down to Earth’s surface by precipitation. This process is known as wet deposition. Cu2+ and Zn 2+ ions are put into the atmosphere by high-temperature combustion processes. The presence of Cl− and SO42− ions in the atmosphere can be attributed to road-salt dust and electrical power generation, respectively. Study 1 A rain gauge, placed on the roof of a 1-story building, at a specific urban site was used to collect precipitation over a 12-month period. At the same time each evening, the amount of precipitation in the rain gauge was recorded, after which the collected precipitation was emptied from the gauge and stored. (Assume no measurable evaporation occurred during any day.) Figure 1 shows the measured monthly precipitation in centimeters.

3 Passage 2 Substances in the atmosphere, such as Cu2 +, Zn2+, Cl−, and SO42− ions, are carried down to Earth’s surface by precipitation. This process is known as wet deposition. Cu2+ and Zn 2+ ions are put into the atmosphere by high-temperature combustion processes. The presence of Cl− and SO42− ions in the atmosphere can be attributed to road-salt dust and electrical power generation, respectively. Study 1 A rain gauge, placed on the roof of a 1-story building, at a specific urban site was used to collect precipitation over a 12-month period. At the same time each evening, the amount of precipitation in the rain gauge was recorded, after which the collected precipitation was emptied from the gauge and stored. (Assume no measurable evaporation occurred during any day.) Figure 1 shows the measured monthly precipitation in centimeters.

4 Passage 2 Substances in the atmosphere, such as Cu2 +, Zn2+, Cl−, and SO42− ions, are carried down to Earth’s surface by precipitation. This process is known as wet deposition. Cu2+ and Zn 2+ ions are put into the atmosphere by high-temperature combustion processes. The presence of Cl− and SO42− ions in the atmosphere can be attributed to road-salt dust and electrical power generation, respectively. Study 1 A rain gauge, placed on the roof of a 1-story building, at a specific urban site was used to collect precipitation over a 12-month period. At the same time each evening, the amount of precipitation in the rain gauge was recorded, after which the collected precipitation was emptied from the gauge and stored. (Assume no measurable evaporation occurred during any day.) Figure 1 shows the measured monthly precipitation in centimeters.

5 At the end of each month, all the samples collected during that month were mixed, and some of this combined sample was analyzed for the concentrations of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. Using these data, the monthly wet deposition of each substance, in micrograms (µg) per meter2, was calculated (see Figure 2).

6 At the end of each month, all the samples collected during that month were mixed, and some of this combined sample was analyzed for the concentrations of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. Using these data, the monthly wet deposition of each substance, in micrograms (µg) per meter2, was calculated (see Figure 2).

7 Study 2 Another portion of the combined sample for each month was analyzed for the concentrations of Cl− and SO42− ions. Using these data, the monthly wet deposition of each substance, in milliequivalents (meq) per m2, was calculated (see Figure 3).

8 Study 2 Another portion of the combined sample for each month was analyzed for the concentrations of Cl− and SO42− ions. Using these data, the monthly wet deposition of each substance, in milliequivalents (meq) per m2, was calculated (see Figure 3).

9 Study 3 The annual wet deposition of Cu2+ and of Zn2+ for the 12-month period, in µg/m2, was calculated for the urban site (the source of the Cu2+ and Zn2+ ) and also for Rural Sites 1 and 2, located 50 km and 100 km east, respectively, of the urban site (see Figure 4). Figures adapted from Kathryn Conko et al., “Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Trace Elements to a Suburban Environment, Reston, Virginia, USA.” ©2004 by Elsevier, Ltd.

10 Study 3 The annual wet deposition of Cu2+ and of Zn2+ for the 12-month period, in µg/m2, was calculated for the urban site (the source of the Cu2+ and Zn2+ ) and also for Rural Sites 1 and 2, located 50 km and 100 km east, respectively, of the urban site (see Figure 4). Figures adapted from Kathryn Conko et al., “Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Trace Elements to a Suburban Environment, Reston, Virginia, USA.” ©2004 by Elsevier, Ltd.

11 Passage 2 Questions 7. According to Figure 1, over the 12-month period, the monthly precipitation at the urban site was maximum in February and minimum in July. According to Figures 2 and 3, the wet deposition of which ion was also maximum in February and minimum in July? 1. Cu2+ 2. Zn2+ 3. Cl− 4. SO42−

12 Passage 2 Questions 7. According to Figure 1, over the 12-month period, the monthly precipitation at the urban site was maximum in February and minimum in July. According to Figures 2 and 3, the wet deposition of which ion was also maximum in February and minimum in July? 1. Cu2+ 2. Zn2+ 3. Cl− 4. SO42−

13 Passage 2 Questions 7. According to Figure 1, over the 12-month period, the monthly precipitation at the urban site was maximum in February and minimum in July. According to Figures 2 and 3, the wet deposition of which ion was also maximum in February and minimum in July? 1. Cu2+ 2. Zn2+ 3. Cl− 4. SO42−

14 Passage 2 Questions 7. According to Figure 1, over the 12-month period, the monthly precipitation at the urban site was maximum in February and minimum in July. According to Figures 2 and 3, the wet deposition of which ion was also maximum in February and minimum in July? 1. Cu2+ 2. Zn2+ 3. Cl− 4. SO42−

15 Passage 2 Questions 8. Based on the results of Study 1, the average monthly wet deposition for Cu2+ over the 12-month period was: 1. less than 50 µg/m2. 2. between 50 µg/m2 and 75 µg/m2. 3. between 75 µg/m2 and 100 µg/m2. 4. greater than 100 µg/m2.

16 Passage 2 Questions 8. Based on the results of Study 1, the average monthly wet deposition for Cu2+ over the 12-month period was: 1. less than 50 µg/m2. 2. between 50 µg/m2 and 75 µg/m2. 3. between 75 µg/m2 and 100 µg/m2. 4. greater than 100 µg/m2.

17 Passage 2 Questions 8. Based on the results of Study 1, the average monthly wet deposition for Cu2+ over the 12-month period was: 1. less than 50 µg/m2. 2. between 50 µg/m2 and 75 µg/m2. 3. between 75 µg/m2 and 100 µg/m2. 4. greater than 100 µg/m2.

18 Passage 2 Questions 9. Is the statement “The values for Cl− wet deposition were greater during the winter and early spring when road salt is typically applied” supported by the results of Study 2 ? 1. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 2. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October. 3. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 4. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October.

19 Passage 2 Questions 9. Is the statement “The values for Cl− wet deposition were greater during the winter and early spring when road salt is typically applied” supported by the results of Study 2 ? 1. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 2. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October. 3. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 4. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October.

20 Passage 2 Questions 9. Is the statement “The values for Cl− wet deposition were greater during the winter and early spring when road salt is typically applied” supported by the results of Study 2 ? 1. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 2. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October. 3. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 4. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October.

21 Passage 2 Questions 9. Is the statement “The values for Cl− wet deposition were greater during the winter and early spring when road salt is typically applied” supported by the results of Study 2 ? 1. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 2. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October. 3. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 4. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October.

22 Passage 2 Questions 9. Is the statement “The values for Cl− wet deposition were greater during the winter and early spring when road salt is typically applied” supported by the results of Study 2 ? 1. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 2. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October. 3. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 4. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October.

23 Passage 2 Questions 9. Is the statement “The values for Cl− wet deposition were greater during the winter and early spring when road salt is typically applied” supported by the results of Study 2 ? 1. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 2. Yes, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October. 3. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, greater from November to April than they were from May to October. 4. No, because Cl− wet deposition values were, on average, less from November to April than they were from May to October.

24 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

25 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

26 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

27 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

28 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

29 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

30 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

31 Passage 2 Questions 10. Suppose there had been no precipitation during 1 entire month of the 12-month period. Based on the information provided, during that month there would have been: 1. significant wet deposition of all 4 substances. 2. significant wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but no wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−. 3. no wet deposition of any of the 4 substances. 4. no wet deposition of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but significant wet deposition of Cl− and SO42−.

32 Passage 2 Questions 11. According to Study 3, as distance from the urban site increased, the annual wet deposition: 1. increased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 2. increased for Cu2+ but decreased for Zn2+. 3. decreased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 4. remained the same for both Cu2+ and Zn2+.   

33 Passage 2 Questions 11. According to Study 3, as distance from the urban site increased, the annual wet deposition: 1. increased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 2. increased for Cu2+ but decreased for Zn2+. 3. decreased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 4. remained the same for both Cu2+ and Zn2+.   

34 Passage 2 Questions Study 3
The annual wet deposition of Cu2+ and of Zn2+ for the 12-month period, in µg/m2, was calculated for the urban site (the source of the Cu2+ and Zn2+ ) and also for Rural Sites 1 and 2, located 50 km and 100 km east, respectively, of the urban site (see Figure 4). Figures adapted from Kathryn Conko et al., “Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Trace Elements to a Suburban Environment, Reston, Virginia, USA.” ©2004 by Elsevier, Ltd. 11. According to Study 3, as distance from the urban site increased, the annual wet deposition: 1. increased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 2. increased for Cu2+ but decreased for Zn2+. 3. decreased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 4. remained the same for both Cu2+ and Zn2+.    50 km 100 km

35 Passage 2 Questions Study 3
The annual wet deposition of Cu2+ and of Zn2+ for the 12-month period, in µg/m2, was calculated for the urban site (the source of the Cu2+ and Zn2+ ) and also for Rural Sites 1 and 2, located 50 km and 100 km east, respectively, of the urban site (see Figure 4). Figures adapted from Kathryn Conko et al., “Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Trace Elements to a Suburban Environment, Reston, Virginia, USA.” ©2004 by Elsevier, Ltd. 11. According to Study 3, as distance from the urban site increased, the annual wet deposition: 1. increased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 2. increased for Cu2+ but decreased for Zn2+. 3. decreased for both Cu2+ and Zn2+. 4. remained the same for both Cu2+ and Zn2+.    50 km 100 km

36 Passage 2 Questions 12. Which of the following variables was kept constant in Study 2 ? 1. Site 2. Monthly rainfall 3. Wet deposition of Zn2+ 4. Wet deposition of Cl−

37 Passage 2 Questions Study 1
A rain gauge, placed on the roof of a 1-story building, at a specific urban site was used to collect precipitation over a 12-month period. At the same time each evening, the amount of precipitation in the rain gauge was recorded, after which the collected precipitation was emptied from the gauge and stored. (Assume no measurable evaporation occurred during any day.) Figure 1 shows the measured monthly precipitation in centimeters. Study 3 12. Which of the following variables was kept constant in Study 2 ? 1. Site 2. Monthly rainfall 3. Wet deposition of Zn2+ 4. Wet deposition of Cl−

38 Passage 2 Questions Study 1
A rain gauge, placed on the roof of a 1-story building, at a specific urban site was used to collect precipitation over a 12-month period. At the same time each evening, the amount of precipitation in the rain gauge was recorded, after which the collected precipitation was emptied from the gauge and stored. (Assume no measurable evaporation occurred during any day.) Figure 1 shows the measured monthly precipitation in centimeters. Study 3 12. Which of the following variables was kept constant in Study 2 ? 1. Site 2. Monthly rainfall 3. Wet deposition of Zn2+ 4. Wet deposition of Cl−

39 SCIENCE End of Test 1: Passage 2

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