1. Sexually Transmitted Infections PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 14

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections? Infections passed to others through vaginal, oral, or anal sex Caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated: those caused by viruses remain for life Can cause infertility, pregnancy complications, cancer, and/or death Can be passed on even when no outward symptoms are present “Silent” diseases: early symptoms are often ignored and untreated One in four Americans will contract at least one STI in their lifetime Younger people are at highest risk

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Common STIs in the U.S. Figure 14.1

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. HIV/AIDS Caused by a virus that damages the immune system: no cure Acquiring the HIV virus leads to developing AIDS One million people in the U.S. and 40 million people worldwide are currently infected with HIV Anyone can get HIV/AIDS - not limited to any group Stages of HIV Infection: First (“silent”) stage No physical symptoms Second Stage: Symptomatic Infection Symptoms emerge including fatigue, fever, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat Third (final) Stage: AIDS Includes symptoms from second phase plus pneumonia or certain types of cancer (Kaposi’s sarcoma) Can include brain damage and tumors

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS Figure 14.2a

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS Figure 14.2b

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Stages in the Development of AIDS Figure 14.3

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. How HIV is Transmitted HIV must be able to enter the bloodstream Most common modes of transmission: Vaginal or anal intercourse with no condom Sharing needles via drug use, tattoos, piercing From mother to fetus Blood passage through membranes and/or cuts, punctures or open wounds, or blood transfusions HIV cannot be transmitted via: Casual contact with HIV-infected individuals Contact with inanimate objects Sports participation Saliva Swimming pools, hot tubs or whirlpools Contact with animals Insect bites

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. HIV/AIDS Transmission Categories Figure 14.4

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Hepatitis B (HBV) A virus that causes liver disease Transmitted by contact with infected blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva Sharing personal items (razors, toothbrushes) with an infected person, intravenous drug use and handling human fluids increases risk Symptoms include jaundice, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach and/or joint pain, and chronic fatigue Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosed by a blood test No cure for HBV

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Human Papillomaviris (Genital Warts) Most common cause of STI in the U.S, and the world Extremely high rates of infection in college students HPV increases the risk of uterine and cervical cancer Symptoms: None or genital warts Treatment: Cryosurgery, laser surgery, or excision of warts Most infections disappear without medical treatment HPV vaccine

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Genital Warts

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Genital Herpes Caused by herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-1) Infections above the waist (lips or mouth) Type II (HSV-2) Infections below the waist (genital lesions) Symptoms: Sores, fever, swollen glands Symptoms disappear and reappear without warning Treatment: No cure for herpes virus

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Herpes

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Chlamydia Most common bacterial STI among heterosexual people worldwide 20% of all college students are infected Symptoms: 7-21 days after infection: unusual vaginal/penile discharge, burning while urinating, vaginal bleeding between periods Later symptoms: lower back and abdominal pain, pain during intercourse, low-grade fever, pain and swelling of the testicles Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosed by blood test or pap smear Cured by antibiotics Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility if untreated

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Chlamydia Rates in Women Figure 14.5

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Gonorrhea Second most common bacterial STI Symptoms: Milky discharge from penis and painful urination Only 20% of women develop symptoms Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosed by tissue culture of vaginal/penile discharge Cured with appropriate medication Also commonly known as “the clap” If untreated, may result in sterility

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Syphilis Caused by bacterial infection Symptoms: Four stages: Primary syphilis - chancre Secondary syphilis – skin rash, white patches Latent syphilis – few symptoms Tertiary syphilis – results in heart damage, blindness, deafness, paralysis and mental disorders Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosed with a blood test Cured by antibiotics

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Trichomoniasis Symptoms: yellow-green discharge with strong odor, irritation, and/or burning sensation Diagnosis: simple medical test Treatment: metronidazole Pubic Lice (“crabs”) Seen as brown spots on pubic hairs and surrounding skin Eliminated by over-the-counter and prescription skin medications

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, continued Scabies Tiny mite that infects the skin between the fingers, on the wrist, under the breast, and the pubic area Diagnosed by scraping the infected area and performed a microscopic test Treated with topical medications Candidiasis Fungal infection Can infect the vagina, mouth, and throat Treated with anti-fungal medications

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Reducing Your Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections Abstinence Limiting your number of sexual partners Using male latex condoms Using female condoms Discussing STIs with sexual partners Avoiding drugs and alcohol If you suspect exposure to STIs, contact your physician immediately for screening Other protective measures: Inspect yourself and your partner for signs of STIs Do not share needles, scissors, or razors Do not handle towels, wet bedding, or underclothing that has been in contact with a person with an STI Avoid using spermicides with nonoxynal-9