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Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
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Background What did the Renaissance do? – The Renaissance sparked interest and curiosity about many things, allowing people to start to think for themselves – It began in Italy because people were not controlled by feudalism or the church; instead, wealthy families held power What did the Reformation question? – The Reformation led people to question and challenge the original views of God, the church, and salvation
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The Reformation 1517- a German monk named Martin Luther began to criticize the church Posted his complaints on the door of his church This is the beginning of the reformation – an effort to reform, or improve, the Catholic Church
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As a result… People created their own Christian churches, free of Roman Catholic control, these were called Protestant churches, because they grew out of protest against the Roman Catholic Church.
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The Inquisition In an effort to wipe out beliefs that did not conform to church teachings, the church had Inquisitions. This was a church court that used secret testimonies and torture to force non-Catholics to convert to Catholicism. Scientists and thinkers who had new ideas also were subject to the Inquisitions.
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At the same time as the Reformation… – Individuals began to challenge the way people viewed their place in the Universe. This became known as the Scientific Revolution.
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Leaders of the Scientific Revolution
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What was the Scientific Revolution? The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. Based on: – careful observation of nature – a willingness to question widely accepted beliefs – Reason Result: the expansion of scientific knowledge
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How did they come up with these ideas? Scientific Method – Created by Aristotle – A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
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Scientists of the Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton Nicolas Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei William Harvey Aristotle Rene Descartes
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The Enlightenment What was the Enlightenment? – An intellectual movement where enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific methods to the HUMAN world as well as to the rest of the natural world – People wanted to build a society around the ideas of the Scientific Revolution
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Examples of Enlightenment Ideas Freedom of speech Separation of powers: government should be divided on different levels so that no one level has all the power – Example: England has a monarch and a Parliament Natural rights: life, liberty, property Freedom of religion
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How did the movement spread? Salons—wealthy women and men would gather to discuss ideas Encyclopedias published many Enlightenment ideas Pamphlets and newspapers helped to spread the word about new ideas
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Results of the Enlightenment Stimulated religious tolerance Helped to start democratic revolutions around the world Rise of individualism—thinking for yourself Rise of a more secular or worldly outlook
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