1. Pedestrians with Vision Loss or Blindness

2. How many people are blind or visually impaired now 4.3 million Americans are severely visually impaired 1.1 million are legally blind Incidence increases with age By 2010, expect there to be 20 million visually impaired persons over age 45

3. Variations in Vision Loss

9. How do pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired travel?

10. Pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired in the US do travel to new locations or intersections and ‘figure them out’ by listening and exploring Transportation choices Walk Bus or rail transit Taxis, friends, relatives, or paid drivers

11. Obstacle detection and curb detection techniques Long white cane used as a probe of the walking surface Dog guide to used guide around obstacles or stop at curbs or dropoffs Low vision travelers may use their vision and an aid such as a telescope

12. Orientation and alignment cues Detect slight slopes under foot and/or a detectable change in surface texture Listen to direction that cars are traveling to align to cross Listen to when the cars start moving in the closest lane as indication of time to cross Maintain awareness of buildings, sun, other pedestrians, smells, and sounds which provide information Ask a lot of questions

13. Crossing at a signalized intersection

14. Problem areas for travelers who are blind Locating the crosswalk Detecting a gap in traffic

15. Locating the crosswalk Preventing crossing into the circulatory roadway Finding the crosswalk Aligning to cross

21. Australia

23. Detecting a gap in traffic Hearing is not as specific as vision With vision, can select just one lane or area to check; not possible when crossing using audible cues only Pedestrians with low vision may have more difficulty with depth perception and judging speed

24. Masking by other cars Cars that have just passed the crosswalk Cars in the circulatory roadway Car approaching in other lane of street the pedestrian is crossing Car that stops to allow the pedestrian to cross (multi-lane roundabout)

25. Sighted pedestrian crossing

26. Blind pedestrian crossing

27. Ongoing Research National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health has funded a five year project on Blind Pedestrians’ Access to Intersections Roundabouts – blind and low vision individuals Accessible Pedestrian Signals Detectable warnings June 2000 – May 2005

28. NEI-Supported Study of Roundabouts Access To date Evaluated gap judgments by sighted and blind individuals at 5 roundabouts with volumes from 12,000 to 35,000 estimated AADT 2 Single lane and 3 multi-lane

29. NEI study - Traffic Volume Higher volumes yielded fewer crossable gaps Higher volumes resulted in more unsafe judgments, more missed gaps, and longer periods of time between the beginning of a crossable gap and the point at which a blind person detected it

30. NEI study - Unsafe judgments Blind participants were more than twice as likely to make unsafe judgments as sighted participants Time of day differences Little difference between judgments of blind and sighted individuals at mid-day Substantial differences at rush hour

31. NEI study – Latency and delay Blind pedestrians detected gaps later than sighted pedestrians Baltimore – 3 seconds later Tampa – 5.5 seconds later Blind pedestrians require longer gaps in order to detect the gap and cross

32. Experience in other countries Reports from pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired indicate that roundabouts are often considered a barrier to independent travel

33. Australia Individuals who are blind or visually impaired and Orientation and Mobility Specialists state that blind pedestrians Avoid crossing at roundabouts Often severely limit where they can travel Roundabouts there may have detectable warnings and tactile guidestrips

34. England Pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired state that roundabouts can be very difficult to cross Signals are installed at some roundabout locations, as are raised crosswalks

35. Review - Problem areas Difficulty finding appropriate location to begin crossing Latency and delay in detecting gap, and subsequent inability to cross Unsafe judgments about gaps