2. Outline What are STIs/STDs? Causes Mode of transmission Signs, symptoms and syndrome Prevention

4. DEFINITION A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also known as a sexually transmitted disease (STD), or venereal disease (VD), is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex.humanshuman sexual behaviorvaginal intercourseoral sexanal sex

5. CAUSES OF STIs/STDs  Bacterial  Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) ChancroidHaemophilus ducreyi  Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) ChlamydiaChlamydia trachomatis  Granuloma inguinale or (Klebsiella granulomatis) Granuloma inguinaleKlebsiella granulomatis  Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) GonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhoeae  Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) SyphilisTreponema pallidum

6. Fungal  Candidiasis (yeast infection) Candidiasis Viral  Viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus)—saliva, venereal fluids. (Note: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route) Viral hepatitisHepatitis B virusHepatitis AHepatitis Efecal-oral route  Herpes simplex (Herpes simplex virus 1, 2) skin and mucosal, transmissible with or without visible blisters Herpes simplexHerpes simplex virus

7.  HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)— venereal fluids, semen, breast milk, blood HIV  HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)— skin and mucosal contact. 'High risk' types of HPV are known to cause most types of cervical cancer, as well as anal, penile, and vulvar cancer, and genital warts. HPVcervical canceranalpenilevulvar cancergenital warts  Molluscum contagiosum (molluscum contagiosum virus MCV)—close contact Molluscum contagiosummolluscum contagiosum virus

8. Parasites  Crab louse, colloquially known as "crabs" or "pubic lice" (Pthirus pubis) Crab lousePthirus pubis  Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) ScabiesSarcoptes scabiei Protozoal  Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) TrichomoniasisTrichomonas vaginalis

9. Guys, Would you like your genital to be like this?

10. Ladies, how about this?

11.  Depending on the STD, a person may still be able to spread the infection if no signs of disease are present. For example, a person is much more likely to spread herpes infection when blisters are present (STD) than when they are absent (STI). However, a person can spread HIV infection (STI) at any time, even if he/she has not developed symptoms of AIDS(STD).herpesblistersHIVAIDS

12. Mode of Transmission  Many STDs are (more easily) transmitted through the mucous membranes of the penis, vulva,rectum, urinary tract and (less often—depending on type of infection) the mouth,throat, respiratory tract and eyes.mucous membranespenisvulvarectumurinary tractmouththroatrespiratory tracteyes  The primary sources of infection in ascending order are venereal fluids, saliva, mucosal or skin (particularly the penis), infections may also be transmitted from feces, urine and sweat

13. FACT SHEET: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION August 2011 In 1996, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 1 million people were being infected daily.World Health Organization About 60% of these infections occur in young people <25 years of age, and of these 30% are <20 years. Between the ages of 14 and 19, STDs occur more frequently in girls than boys by a ratio of nearly 2:1, this equalizes by age 20 An estimated 340 million new cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis occurred throughout the world in 1999

14.  448 million new infections of curable sexually transmitted (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis) infections occur yearly.  Some sexually transmitted infections exist without symptoms.  In pregnant women with untreated early syphilis, 25% of pregnancies result in stillbirth and 14% in neonatal death.  Sexually transmitted infections are the main preventable cause of infertility, particularly in women

16. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND SYNDROMES  Although many different pathogens cause STIs, some display similar or overlapping signs (what the individual or the health-care provider sees on examination) and symptoms (what the patient feels such as pain or irritation).  Some of these signs and symptoms are easily recognizable and consistent, giving what is known as a syndrome that signals the presence of one or a number of pathogens

17. STI syndromes The main syndromes of common STIs are:  urethral discharge  genital ulcers  inguinal swellings (bubo, which is a swelling in the groin)  scrotal swelling  vaginal discharge  lower abdominal pain  neonatal eye infections (conjunctivitis of the newborn).

18. Am sure no parent will like the child’s face to be like this when born. neonatal eye infections (conjunctivitis of the newborn).

19. Abstinence – Premarital sex Be “Holy” ( good hygiene – avoid sharing clothing, towels etc.) Control your emotions and imaginations. Be careful of what you watch and listen to. PREVENTION

20. Vaccination : Vaccines are available that protect against some viral STIs, such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex vaccineHepatitis AHepatitis BHerpes simplex vaccine

21. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION