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Chapter 3: Perceptions of Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication
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2. The Self in Interpersonal Communication
Self concept – how you see yourself comes from four sources
Others’ images of you (looking glass self)
Social comparisons
Upward
Downward
Cultural teachings
Self evaluation
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3. The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
Self awareness – how well you know yourself
The Johari Model emphasizes four aspects of self awareness
Open – known to self and others
Blind – known to others but not self
Hidden – known to self but not others
Unknown – no one knows
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4. The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
The Johari Model
Known to self
Unknown to self
Unknown to others
Known to others
Open Self
Blind Self
Hidden Self
Unknown Self
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5. The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
Growing in self awareness
Ask yourself about yourself
Listen to others
Actively seek information about yourself
See your different selves
Increase your open self
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6. The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
Self Esteem – how valuable you think you are.
Ways to increase self esteem
Attack self destructive beliefs
Seek out nourishing people
Work on projects that will result in success
Secure affirmation
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7. Perception in Interpersonal Communication
Perception is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and people around us
Interpersonal perception is a continuous series of processes that blend into each other
We separate processes into five stages for study and analysis
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8. Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
Five stages of perception
Stage One: Stimulation
Selective perception
Selective attention
Selective exposure
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9. Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
Stage Two: Organization
Rules
Proximity
Similarity
Contrast
Schemata (schema)
Scripts
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10. Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
Stage Three: Interpretation and Evaluation
Combined because they are simultaneous
Stage Four: Memory
Stage Five: Recall
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11. Impression Formation Impression formation processes
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Implicit personality theory
“Halo effect”
“Reverse halo effect” or “horns effect”
Perceptual accentuation
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12. Impression Formation (cont.)
Primacy-recency effect
Consistency
Attribution of control
Self-serving bias
Overattribution
Fundamental attribution error
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13. Impression Formation (cont.)
Ways to increase accuracy in impression formation
Analyze impressions
Check perceptions
Reduce uncertainty
Increase cultural Sensitivity
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14. Impression Management: Goals and Strategies
Impression management – how to communicate to others the image of yourself you want them to see
Self-presentation
Identity-management
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15. Impression Management (cont.)
Impression management strategies
To be liked
Immediacy – connects you to the other person
Affinity seeking – techniques to get others to like you
Politeness – make ourselves appear likeable
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16. Impression Management (cont.)
Politeness and Face
Positive face – desire to be seen favorably or positively by others
Keep positive face – help someone look favorably
Attack positive face – make someone look bad
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17. Impression Management (cont.)
Politeness and Face
Negative face – desire to be autonomous or free to act as we wish
Keep negative face – ask someone nicely to do something
Attack negative face – order or command someone to do something
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18. Impression Management (cont.)
To be believed
Credibility strategies
To excuse failure
Self-handicapping strategies
To secure help
Self-deprecating strategies
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19. Impression Management (cont.)
To hide faults
Self-monitoring strategies
To be followed
Influencing strategies
To confirm self image
Image-confirming strategies
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