1. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

15. Auditory Illusions If the sounds do not work click here for link.

16. Subliminal Messages Stimuli below our absolute threshold. Backmasking 25 th frame Do Subliminal Messages work? NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!! a placebo effect

17. (Just Notable Difference) Difference Threshold The smallest amount of change needed to detect in a stimulus before we detect a change.

18. Weber’s Law Computes the Just Noticeable Difference. / JND The change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus. The more intense the stimulus the more change is needed to notice the difference. 8% for vision.

19. Perceptual Ideas

20. Signal Detection Theory Absolute thresholds are not really absolute. Things like motivation or physical state can effect what we sense. False Positives False Negatives I could sleep through a war, but if one of my kids even whimpered when they were young, I was up running down the hall!!!

21. Top-Down Processing We perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense. I _ant ch_co_ate ic_ cr_am. Based on our experiences and schemas. If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).

22. Bottom-Up Processing Also called feature analysis. We use the features on the object itself to build a perception. Takes longer that top-down but is more accurate.

23. Figure Ground Relationship

24. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt psychologists focused on how we GROUP objects together. We innately look at things in groups and not as isolated elements. Proximity (group objects that are close together as being part of same group) Similarity (objects similar in appearance are perceived as being part of same group) Continuity (objects that form a continuous form are perceived as same group) Closure (like top-down processing…we fill gaps in if we can recognize it) closure

25. Constancy Objects change in our eyes constantly as we or they move….but we are able to maintain content perception Shape Constancy Size Constancy Brightness Constancy

26. Perceived Motion Stroboscopic effect (flip book effect) Phi phenomenon – PHI means motion Autokinetic Effect (if people stare at a white spotlight in a dark room, it appears to move.)

27. Depth Cues Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment. If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to see depth perception. We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories: Monocular Cues Binocular Cues

28. Monocular Cues You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth). Linear Perspective Interposition Relative size Texture gradient Shadowing

29. Monocular Cues – only need one eye to detect these things Linear Perspective In linear perspective parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge (railroad track…) Interposition – like overlap – need only one eye, monocular cue, to ascertain depth Relative size The more distant an object, say a person, is the smaller the image of that object will be on your retina Texture gradient further away, rough objects appear smooth

30. Binocular Cues need two eye to detect these visual cues We need both of our eyes to use these cues. Retinal Disparity (as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater. Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).