1. Standard V: The student will understand the concepts & developments of the late 19 th to the early 20 th centuries.

2. Objective 1: Identify and evaluate the events that led to the settlement of the West. (6 questions)

3. Railroads Transcontinental Railroad- 1862- Union Pacific & Central Pacific would meet at Promontory Point, UT Cities sprung up at railroad hubs; especially New York, St. Louis, & Chicago

4. Conflicts with Native Americans Reservations- parcels of land set aside by the federal government for the Native Americans Frontier Wars- wars between the Natives & US soldiers Buffalo Soldiers- soldiers who fought in the West; several were all black regiments White settlers annihilated the buffalo (Indians were dependent upon the buffalo)

5. Important Events Sioux Wars- 1860s-1870s; Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)- US Gen. Custer & his men were all killed by Sioux (led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull); By 1877 Sioux & Cheyenne were forced to surrender & were moved to reservations Nez Perce Trail- Chief Joseph- refused to give into US; moved north to get to Canada but soldiers caught them & were moved to Indian Territory Dawes Act (1887)- attempt by Congress to assimilate Native Americans to US society; Indian families were given 160 acres to farm- no training for Natives

6. Wounded Knee- Wovoka- spiritual leader of Sioux introduced the Ghost Dance (return the Natives to greatness); dance outlawed on reservations; Sitting Bull killed by soldiers on reservation; Indians tried to escape from reservation; soldiers gunned them down at Wounded Knee Wounded Knee marks the end of the Indian Wars

7. Important Developments Bessemer Process- faster & more efficient way of making steel; Bessemer, AL became a center for steel production Revolver- Samuel Colt patented revolver that helped “win the West”; used for person protection Steel Plow- John Deere- could cut through the sod of the Midwest & Plain

8. Windmill- used on the Plains; used the wind to bring pump water to surface Barbed Wire- developed by Joseph Glidden; helped farmers to fence their 160 acres Railroad- helped to connect the country; made settlement easier

9. Farming in the 1870s & 1880s Farming was expensive & due to surpluses, prices fell Grange- co-operative of farmers to help prices of supplies to be more affordable Populist Party- formed to address the concerns of farmers & other reformers; wanted to bring about reforms for “common people”

10. Alabama Economy Black Belt- black, fertile soil; main crop was cotton Surplus of cotton caused prices to fall 1915- introduction of boll weevil- forced Alabama farmers to grow something other than cotton Iron & steel- 2 leading industries of Alabama Mobile- important shipping port Prisoners were leased out to do physical labor for no pay; Gov. Bob Graves abolished this in 1920s