2. The White People start to take over and what happened next

3. 2 You may recall that … In 1492 Columbus set sail and, rather fortunately, discovered America, which led to the Spanish coming to Central America to look for gold and other treasures. Meanwhile, to the north came the French who were mainly interested in trading for furs and other valuable things. To the east coast came the British looking for land to settle on. Thousands more came from Europe looking for land they could own, or a place where they practice their religion in peace without anyone else giving them trouble, or to make their fortune in this new land of opportunity.

4. 3 So … America was a rich country. There was fertile land, plentiful animals and minerals like gold were found in great quantities. This led to the taking over of the land by the more powerful white men. They had some big advantages. They outnumbered the Native Americans many times over. White men, believing in manifest destiny moved further inland, initially to cross the plains to reaches riches in the west. But later they settled on the Great Plains and drove off the buffalo and began to fence off the land to make cattle ranches of their own. They raised huge numbers of cattle and the men they employed to look after them became known as cowboys. Others moved to the Plains and set up homesteads. On these farms, the homesteaders (farmers) ploughed up the Plains and grew crops. They also protected their land with fences.

5. 4 Then even more came The railway companies set out to connect the east coast of America with the west coast. This again brought them into conflict with the Native Americans. The buffalo were a nuisance and a danger to the trains so the railway companies hired men to shoot and slaughter the buffalo in their millions. Soon their numbers dwindled and the Native Americans’ whole way of life was seriously threatened. Mining towns, cattle stations and railroad junctions all began springing up but life was very different from the east coast. This part of America became known as the Wild West because it had not really yet been tamed and there was often little law and order. Outlaws, like William Bonney (better known as “Billy the Kid”), became famous and so did the lawmen sent out west to track them down.

6. 5 The Plains Wars As more and more white men poured onto the Plains and threatened the Native Americans way of life, it was inevitable that war would break out between the Native Americans and the whites. These are some of the important events which happened:

7. 6 Battle at the Little Bighorn

8. 7 The Laramie Agreement revisited In late 1875, Sioux and Cheyenne Native Americans were angered at the whites travelling into their sacred lands in the Black Hills. Gold had seen many miners entering the sacred land

9. 8 Promises Broken The US Government had promised Red Cloud that white settlers would not be allowed to settle here. This was part of the Fort Laramie Treaty. The Sioux gathered with Sitting Bull to fight for their lands.

10. 9 So … To force the large native army back to the reservations, General Philip Sheridan was sent to defeat the Sioux. In June 1876 US armies, led by the generals Alfred Terry and John Gibbon, met at the Yellowstone river. Gibbon was set to march up the Little Bighorn river, and Lt Colonel George Custer was ordered to march round the Wolf mountains, as part of a two- pronged attack on the Sioux camp.

11. 10 CUSTER However, Lt. Colonel George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry marched his men through (not round) the Wolf mountains, to arrive at the Sioux camp first. He covered great distance to be first, and his men were tired out

12. 11 Out Numbered Spotting the Sioux village about fifteen miles away along the Rosebud River on June 25, Custer also found a nearby group of about forty warriors. Ignoring orders to wait, he decided to attack before they could alert the main party. He did not realize that the number of warriors in the village numbered three times his strength.

13. 12 Custer divided his 600 men into three groups. Custer sent Captain Frederick Benteen scouting, and sent Major Marcus Reno to attack the Sioux village from the south. Custer headed north of the village with 215 men. The Sioux cut off both Reno and Custer. Benteen rescued Reno

14. 13 Crazy Horse Cheyenne and Hunkpapa Sioux together crossed the river and slammed into the advancing soldiers, forcing them back Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under Crazy Horse's command, surrounded Custer and his men in a pincer move. They began pouring in gunfire and arrows.

15. 14 Last Stand As the Native Americans closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever.

16. 15 REVENGE Little Bighorn showed the Native Americans' power. They had achieved their greatest victory Outraged over the death of a popular Civil War leader the US Government fought back

17. 16 Massacre or Defence

18. 17 The end of the Native American way of life The Battle of the Little Bighorn only seemed like a Sioux victory. In fact, it was the start of the total defeat of the Sioux. Before long the US government had completely defeated the Native Americans, and their way of life was destroyed over the next 15 years.

19. 18 November 1876 The US Army began winter campaigns against the Sioux, starving them into surrender. Colonel Mackenzie destroyed Dull Knife's Cheyenne camp - driving the Cheyenne into the hills to survive the winter without any food.

20. 19 1877 Chief Sitting Bull fled to Canada. He joined a Wild West show, but eventually returned to join the reservation. October 1877Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé tribe tried to flee to Canada, but was intercepted. 'I will fight no more forever', he vowed.

21. 20 1879 Richard Pratt opened the first boarding school for Native American children. They were taught to assume the dress, hair styles, and mannerisms of whites. In creating the off-reservation boarding school, Pratt's intention was to remove Native American children from all tribal influences.

22. 21 1883 The Bureau of Native American Affairs issued the Code of Religious Offences, banning Native American religious customs such as the Sun Dance. This was followed in 1890 when the Ghost Dance was also banned, which worried the white people even more. Why?

23. 22 The Ghost Dance A Paiute holy man called Wovoka came from Nevada. He was the son of the mystic Tavibo, drew on a vision he had had during an eclipse of the sun. He began spreading the Ghost Dance Religion. He claimed that the earth would soon perish and then come alive again in a pure, aboriginal state, to be inherited by the Native Americans, including the dead, for an eternal existence free from suffering. Wovoka

24. 23 The Ghost Dance To earn this new reality, however, Indians had to live harmoniously and honestly and shun the ways of the whites, especially alcohol, the destroyer. Wovoka demanded the performance of prayers, meditation, chanting, and especially dancing through which one might briefly die and catch a glimpse of the paradise-to-come, replete with lush green prairie grass, large buffalo herds and all their ancestors. Arapaho Ghost Dance His ideas spread quickly and were followed by many.

25. 24 But ….. Kicking Bear, together with Short Bull, another medicine man, gave another interpretation, choosing to disregard Wovoka's anti-violence and emphasizing the possible elimination of the whites. Special Ghost Dance Shirts, they claimed, would protect them against the white man's bullets. Ghost Dancing Shirt

26. 25 1890 So you see why the white people might be getting worried about the Ghost Dance and banned the Lakota from doing the dance. As it did not stop, the Army, fearing a rebellion, tried to arrest Sitting Bull, who was taking part (he was killed during the attempt). Then when Lakotan Chief Big Foot led his people to Wounded Knee Creek, even though he was ill with pneumonia. As you can see, the cavalry followed them and set up camp just opposite, including installed 4 cannon on the hillside above the camp

27. 26 The massacre of Wounded Knee The following morning, December 29, 1890, the soldiers entered the camp demanding the all Indian firearms be relinquished. A medicine man named Yellow Bird advocated resistance, claiming the Ghost Shirts would protect them. One of the soldiers tried to disarm a deaf Indian named Black Coyote. A scuffle ensued and the firearm discharged. The silence of the morning was broken and soon other guns echoed in the river bed. At first, the struggle was fought at close quarters, but when the Indians ran to take cover, the cannon opened up on them, cutting down men, women, children alike, the sick Big Foot among them. By the end of the battle, which lasted less than an hour, at least 150 Indians had been killed and 50 wounded. In comparison, army casualties were 25 killed and 39 wounded. Forsyth, the commander, was later charged with killing the innocents, but exonerated. This was the last Native American rebellion.

28. 27 Summary of events 1851 Red Cloud’s peace treaty at Fort Laramie stated that the Black Hills would belong to the’ Lakota for all time’ 1872 Gold Discovered in the Black Hills Black Hills sacred-invaded by white miners US Government did not stop the miners entering the Black Hill Native Americans under Sitting Bull gathered at Little Big Horn Custer disobeyed orders and attacked without the proper support and was wiped out The US government took this as a great insult and retaliated They starved into submission by forcing them into the hills in winter Many Native Americans fled to Canada 1879 The US authorities starting taking the children and sending them to boarding schools to become Christians They banned cultural natives American activities Finally the Massacre of Wounded Knee finished off Native American resistance.

29. 28 Causes and Consequences Causes- The reason why something happened Consequences- The result of something happening

30. 29 What were the causes and consequences of Little Bighorn? A)1872 Gold Discovered in the Black Hills B)Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapahos United C) Massacre of Wounded Knee in December 1890 D) Many Native Americans fled to Canada E) Red Cloud’s peace treaty at Fort Laramie was ignored F) Sitting Bull became the most famous Native American chief G) US Government did not stop the miners entering the Black Hill H) US Government planned to defeat the Native Americans I) Native Americans sent to reservations J) US troops not sent in to control miners K) Black Hills sacred-invaded by white miners

31. 30 What were the causes and consequences of Little Bighorn? A)1872 Gold Discovered in the Black Hills B)Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapahos United C) Massacre of Wounded Knee in December 1890 D) Many Native Americans fled to Canada E) Red Cloud’s peace treaty at Fort Laramie was ignored F) Sitting Bull became the most famous Native American chief G) US Government did not stop the miners entering the Black Hill H) US Government planned to defeat the Native Americans I) Native Americans sent to reservations J) US troops not sent in to control miners K) Black Hills sacred-invaded by white miners

32. 31 Homework And so we have reached the end of the unit on Native Americans. Next week we will be talking about how archaeologists work and how they work out what it is that they have found. In particular we are going to look at the Harappan Civilization in the Indus valley, which was not even known about until just under 90 years ago! So a very simple question to you is: Where was Harappa on the River Indus? (If you discover any thing interesting about it on the way to answering the easy question, do tell!)