1. Blood = Transport Medium
Components of the Circulatory System
Heart = Pump
Blood = Transport Medium
Blood vessel = Passageways

2. Blood vessel
White blood cell
Red blood cell
platelet
Plasma

3. Separation of Components
Plasma = Less Dense
Platelets / WBC’s
Hematocrit
“Packed Cells”
More Dense

4. Components of Plasma Blood plasma Consists of: Other components:
Water 90%
Plasma Proteins 6-8 %
Electrolytes (Na+ & Cl-) 1%
Other components:
Nutrients (e.g. Glucose and amino acids)
Hormones (e.g. Cortisol, thyroxine)
Wastes (e.g. Urea)
Blood gases (e.g. CO2, O2)

5. Plasma Proteins Plasma Proteins: (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
1. Maintaining colloid osmotic balance (albumins)
2. Buffering pH changes
3. Transport of materials through blood (such as water insoluble hormones)
4. Antibodies (e.g. gamma globulins, immunoglobulins)
5. Clotting factors (e.g. fibrinogen)

6. 3 Cellular Elements of Blood
1. Red Blood Cells
2. White Blood Cells
3. Platelets

7. 1. RBC’S (Erythrocytes)
Shape - a biconcave disc with large surface area
Can change shape
No Nucleus / organelles
Contains hemoglobin
Primary Function = Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body & assist with CO2 removal

8. Mechanism of Transport
HEMOGLOBIN
* 4 Heme Molecules =
* 4 Oxygen Molecules
*Oxygenated Hemoglobin
Bright Red (systemic)
*Deoxygenated Hemoglobin
Blue (venous circulation)
Minutia- Every erythrocyte has more than 250 million hemoglobin molecules- which means each RBC can carry more than a billion oxygen molecules!!!!

10. RBC’S (Erythrocytes) cont…
Lack intracellular organelles necessary for cellular repair, growth, division
Short Life Span (~120 days)
Aged RBC
Fragile - prone to rupture
Ruptured RBC’s are destroyed in spleen
Phagocytic WBC’s “clear the debris”

11. Formation of New RBC’s
Ruptured cells must be replaced by new cells by a process called……… ..Erythropoiesis
Secretion of the hormone erythropoietin
New RBC’s (and platelets & leukocytes) are produced
in the Bone Marrow
We each have trillion RBCs going through our vessels.
Every second, we replace 2-3 million RBCs!

12. WBC’ s
RBC’s

13. 2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Mobile units of body’s defense system:
“Seek and Destroy” Functions:
Destroy invading microorganisms
Destroy abnormal cells (ie: cancer )
Clean up cellular debris (phagocytosis)
3. Assist in injury repair

14. 5 - Types of WBC’s Each WBC has a specific function Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Each WBC has a specific function

15. Blood Cell Origin and Production
Bone Marrow
All leukocytes ultimately originate from the same undifferentiated multipotent stem cells in the red bone marrow that also give rise to erythrocytes and platelets
All new WBCs except for lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow. Most new lymphocytes are produced by colonies of cells in lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and tonsils.
Circulation
Figure 11-8

16. plasma (55%) red blood cells (5-6-million /ml) white blood cells
Blood cells – magnification 400x
plasma (55%)
red blood cells
(5-6-million /ml)
white blood cells
(5000/ml)
platelets

17. Plasma
liquid part of blood
plasma transports:-
soluble food molecules
waste products
hormones
antibodies

18. Red blood cells (RBCs)
transport oxygen
specialised to do this
Also carry some CO2

19. White blood cells
the bodies “defense”
part of the immune system
much larger than RBCs
far fewer
have a nucleus
per mm3
2 types
phagocytes and lymphocytes

20. Platelets
if you get cut:-
platelets produce
tiny fibrin threads
these form a web-like
mesh that traps blood
cells.
these harden forming a clot, or "scab."
150,000 to 400,000 per mm3

21. Types of WBC’s
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

22. 1. NEUTROPHILS * 50-70% of all leukocytes (most abundant of WBC’s)
* Important in inflammatory
responses
* Phagocytes that engulf
bacteria and debris

23. Neutrophils – small, multi-lobed nuclei

24. 2. EOSINOPHILS * 1-4% of the WBC's * Attack parasitic worms
* Important in allergic reactions

25. Eosinophils – bi-lobed nuclei

26. 3. BASOPHILS * 0.5% of the WBC's * Release histamine and heparin
* Important in Allergic
Reactions
* Heparin helps clear fat from blood

27. Basophils – least common of WBCs
- Large cytoplasmic granules

28. Agranulocytes 4. Monocytes 5. Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Types of WBC’s
Agranulocytes
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes
(B and T cells)

29. Monocytes

30. 4. MONOCYTES * 2-6 % of the WBC's * Exit blood (diapedesis)
to become macrophages
* Phagocytic = defend against
viruses and bacteria

31. Monocytes are the largest white blood cells
They are distinguished with U-shaped nuclei.

32. LYMPHOCYTES
These are the most numerous white blood cell in young children and the second most numerous in older children and adults.
Their numbers increase in response to viral infections.

33. Lymphocyte

34. 5. LYMPHOCYTES * 25-33 % of the WBC's * B-lymphocytes:
Produce antibodies
* T-lymphocytes:
Directly destroy virus-
invaded cells and cancer
cells
B cells responsible for antibody-mediated (or humoral) immunity. – An Ab binds with and marks for destruction (by phagocytosis) the specific foreign matter that induced production of the Ab.
T cells directly destroy their specific target cells by releasing chemicals that punch holes in the cell (process is called cell-mediated immunity)

35. 3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Platelets are produced by the bone marrow. They are not whole cells, but are fragments of extraordinarily large bone marrow-bound megakaryocytes.
The hormone THROMBOPOIETIN (produced by liver) increases the # of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, stimulating them to produce more platelets
* Cell fragments bound to megakaryocytes
* “bud off” and are released into the blood

36. Blood clotting mechanism