2. Hello, Everyone!

3. Part I Review Exercises

4. Questions 1. Define the following 4 terms: 1) bound morpheme 2) free morpheme 3) derivational morpheme 4) inflectional morpheme

5. Questions 2. List as many as possible methods for the addition of new words. 3. What are the 3 processes for semantic change of words?

6. Part II New Content

7. Chapter 8 Language and Society

8. 8.1 The Scope of Sociolinguistics

9. Definition Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.

10. 8.1.1 The Relatedness between Language and society

11. 1. Question In what ways is language related with society?

12. 2. Relatedness between Language and society (1) 1. While language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships.

13. 2. Relatedness between Language and society (2) 2. Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker.

14. 2. Relatedness between Language and society (3) 3. To some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society.

15. 2. Relatedness between Language and society (4) 4. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.

16. 8.1.2 Speech Community and Speech Variety

17. 1. Speech Community The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. In sociolinguistics, it refers to the a group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties, but also attitudes toward linguistic norms.

18. 2. Speech Variety Speech variety, or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.

19. 8.1.2 Two approaches to scociolinguistic studies

20. 1. Macro-Scociolinguistics Macro-sociolinguistics is a bird ’ s-eye view of the languages used in society. It looks at society as a whole and considers how languaguage functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations.

21. 2. Micro-Sociolinguistics Micro-sociolinguistics is a worm ’ s-eye view of language in use. It looks at society from the point of view of and individual member within it.

22. 8.2 Varieties of language Varieties of language

23. 8.2.1 Dialectal varieties

24. 1. Regional dialects A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.

25. 2. Sociolect Sociolect, or social-class dialect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular class.

26. 3. Language and gender The language used by men and women have some special features of their own. Question: In what ways is language used by women different from that by men?

27. 4. Language and age In many communities the language used by the old generation differs from that used by the younger generation in certain ways.

28. 5. Idiolect Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In other words, an individual speaker ’ s regional and social background, his/her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. And the language he/she uses, which bears distinctive features of his/her own, is his/her idiolect.

29. 6. Ethnic dialect An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language spoken by a less privileged population that has experience some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.

30. 8.2.2 Register

31. 1. Register Register ( 语域 ) refers to the type pf language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.

32. 2. Field of discourse Field of discourse ( 话语范围 ) refers to what is going on, to the area of operation of the language activity. “ Why ” and “ about what ”.

33. 3. Tenor of discourse Tenor of discourse ( 话语基调 ) refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. “ To whom ”.

34. 4. Mode of discourse Mode of discourse ( 话语方式 ) mainly refers to the means of communication. “ How ”.

35. 8.2.3 Degree of formality

36. 1. General idea Language used on different occasions differs in the degree of formality, which is determined by the social variables.

37. 2. Question On what levels of language can degree of formality be analyzed? And style?

38. Homework 1. Review 2. Pp. 126 Ex.1-6 (oral) 3. Prepare Chapter 8 (3-5)