1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu MASTER NOTES LAB PHYSICS Newtons’ Laws and Force Only Chapter 4

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Forces and the Laws of Motion Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 Changes in Motion Section 2 Newton's First Law Section 3 Newton's Second and Third Laws Section 4 Everyday Forces

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Changes in Motion Chapter 4 Objectives Describe how force affects the motion of an object. Interpret and construct free body diagrams.

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Force A force is an action exerted on an object which may change the object’s state of rest or motion. Forces can cause accelerations. The SI unit of force is the newton, N. Forces can act through contact or at a distance. Section 1 Changes in Motion

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Force Diagrams The effect of a force depends on both magnitude and direction.Thus, force is a vector quantity. Diagrams that show force vectors as arrows are called force diagrams. Force diagrams that show only the forces acting on a single object are called free-body diagrams. Section 1 Changes in Motion

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Force Diagrams, continued In a force diagram, vector arrows represent all the forces acting in a situation. Section 1 Changes in Motion A free-body diagram shows only the forces acting on the object of interest—in this case, the car. Force Diagram Free-Body Diagram

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Newton’s First Law Chapter 4 Objectives Explain the relationship between the motion of an object and the net external force acting on the object. Determine the net external force on an object. Calculate the force required to bring an object into equilibrium.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Newton’s First Law An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity (that is, constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net external force. In other words, when the net external force on an object is zero, the object’s acceleration (or the change in the object’s velocity) is zero. Section 2 Newton’s First Law

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Net Force Newton's first law refers to the net force on an object.The net force is the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. The net force on an object can be found by using the methods for finding resultant vectors. Section 2 Newton’s First Law Although several forces are acting on this car, the vector sum of the forces is zero. Thus, the net force is zero, and the car moves at a constant velocity.

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem Determining Net Force Derek leaves his physics book on top of a drafting table that is inclined at a 35° angle. The free-body diagram below shows the forces acting on the book. Find the net force acting on the book. Section 2 Newton’s First Law

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 2 Newton’s First Law 1. Define the problem, and identify the variables. Given: F gravity-on-book = F g = 22 N F friction = F f = 11 N F table-on-book = F t = 18 N Unknown: F net = ?

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 2 Newton’s First Law 2. Select a coordinate system, and apply it to the free-body diagram. Tip: To simplify the problem, always choose the coordinate system in which as many forces as possible lie on the x- and y-axes. Choose the x-axis parallel to and the y-axis perpendicular to the incline of the table, as shown in (a). This coordinate system is the most convenient because only one force needs to be resolved into x and y components.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 2 Newton’s First Law 3. Find the x and y components of all vectors. Add both components to the free-body diagram, as shown in (c). Draw a sketch, as shown in (b), to help find the components of the vector F g. The angle  is equal to 180  – 90  – 35  = 55 .

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 2 Newton’s First Law For the y direction:  F y = F t – F g,y  F y = 18 N – 18 N  F y = 0 N 4. Find the net force in both the x and y directions. Diagram (d) shows another free-body diagram of the book, now with forces acting only along the x- and y-axes. For the x direction:  F x = F g,x – F f  F x = 13 N – 11 N  F x = 2 N

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 2 Newton’s First Law 5. Find the net force. Add the net forces in the x and y directions together as vectors to find the total net force. In this case, F net = 2 N in the +x direction, as shown in (e). Thus, the book accelerates down the incline.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Inertia Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction. Newton’s first law is often referred to as the law of inertia because it states that in the absence of a net force, a body will preserve its state of motion. Mass is a measure of inertia. Section 2 Newton’s First Law

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt While inertia causes passengers in a car to continue moving forward as the car slows down, inertia also causes seat belts to lock into place. The illustration shows how one type of shoulder harness operates. When the car suddenly slows down, inertia causes the large mass under the seat to continue moving, which activates the lock on the safety belt. Section 2 Newton’s First Law

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Equilibrium Equilibrium is the state in which the net force on an object is zero. Objects that are either at rest or moving with constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium. Newton’s first law describes objects in equilibrium. Tip: To determine whether a body is in equilibrium, find the net force. If the net force is zero, the body is in equilibrium. If there is a net force, a second force equal and opposite to this net force will put the body in equilibrium. Section 2 Newton’s First Law

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Chapter 4 Objectives Describe an object’s acceleration in terms of its mass and the net force acting on it. Predict the direction and magnitude of the acceleration caused by a known net force. Identify action-reaction pairs.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Newton’s Second Law The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.  F = ma net force = mass  acceleration Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws  F represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or the net force.

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Newton’s Third Law If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction. In other words, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Because the forces coexist, either force can be called the action or the reaction. Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Action and Reaction Forces Action-reaction pairs do not imply that the net force on either object is zero. The action-reaction forces are equal and opposite, but either object may still have a net force on it. Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Consider driving a nail into wood with a hammer. The force that the nail exerts on the hammer is equal and opposite to the force that the hammer exerts on the nail. But there is a net force acting on the nail, which drives the nail into the wood.

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Everyday Forces Chapter 4 Objectives Explain the difference between mass and weight. Find the direction and magnitude of normal forces. Describe air resistance as a form of friction. Use coefficients of friction to calculate frictional force.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Weight Section 4 Everyday Forces The gravitational force (F g ) exerted on an object by Earth is a vector quantity, directed toward the center of Earth. The magnitude of this force (F g ) is a scalar quantity called weight. Weight changes with the location of an object in the universe.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Weight, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces Calculating weight at any location : F g = ma g a g = free-fall acceleration at that location Calculating weight on Earth's surface: a g = g = 9.81 m/s 2 F g = mg = m(9.81 m/s 2 )

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Normal Force Section 4 Everyday Forces The normal force acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface. The normal force is not always opposite in direction to the force due to gravity. –In the absence of other forces, the normal force is equal and opposite to the component of gravitational force that is perpendicular to the contact surface. –In this example, F n = mg cos .

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Friction Section 4 Everyday Forces Static friction is a force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest. Kinetic friction is the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other. Kinetic friction is always less than the maximum static friction.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams Section 4 Everyday Forces In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always parallel to the surface of contact. The force of kinetic friction is always opposite the direction of motion. To determine the direction of the force of static friction, use the principle of equilibrium. For an object in equilibrium, the frictional force must point in the direction that results in a net force of zero.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 The Coefficient of Friction Section 4 Everyday Forces The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces on the particular surfaces in contact is called the coefficient of friction, . Coefficient of kinetic friction: Coefficient of static friction:

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem Overcoming Friction A student attaches a rope to a 20.0 kg box of books.He pulls with a force of 90.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the sidewalk is 0.500. Find the acceleration of the box. Section 4 Everyday Forces

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces 1. Define Given: m = 20.0 kg  k = 0.500 F applied = 90.0 N at  = 30.0° Unknown: a = ? Diagram:

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces The diagram on the right shows the most convenient coordinate system, because the only force to resolve into components is F applied. 2. Plan Choose a convenient coordinate system, and find the x and y components of all forces. F applied,y = (90.0 N)(sin 30.0º) = 45.0 N (upward) F applied,x = (90.0 N)(cos 30.0º) = 77.9 N (to the right)

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces Choose an equation or situation: A. Find the normal force, F n, by applying the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction:  F y = 0 B. Calculate the force of kinetic friction on the box: F k =  k F n C. Apply Newton’s second law along the horizontal direction to find the acceleration of the box:  F x = ma x

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces 3. Calculate A. To apply the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction, you need to account for all of the forces in the y direction: F g, F n, and F applied,y. You know F applied,y and can use the box’s mass to find F g. F applied,y = 45.0 N F g = (20.0 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) = 196 N Next, apply the equilibrium condition,  F y = 0, and solve for F n.  F y = F n + F applied,y – F g = 0 F n + 45.0 N – 196 N = 0 F n = –45.0 N + 196 N = 151 N Tip: Remember to pay attention to the direction of forces. In this step, F g is subtracted from F n and F applied,y because F g is directed downward.

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces B. Use the normal force to find the force of kinetic friction. F k =  k F n = (0.500)(151 N) = 75.5 N C. Use Newton’s second law to determine the horizontal acceleration. a = 0.12 m/s 2 to the right

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Sample Problem, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces 4. Evaluate The box accelerates in the direction of the net force, in accordance with Newton’s second law. The normal force is not equal in magnitude to the weight because the y component of the student’s pull on the rope helps support the box.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Air Resistance Section 4 Everyday Forces Air resistance is a form of friction. Whenever an object moves through a fluid medium, such as air or water, the fluid provides a resistance to the object’s motion. For a falling object, when the upward force of air resistance balances the downward gravitational force, the net force on the object is zero. The object continues to move downward with a constant maximum speed, called the terminal speed.

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Fundamental Forces Section 4 Everyday Forces There are four fundamental forces: –Electromagnetic force –Gravitational force –Strong nuclear force –Weak nuclear force The four fundamental forces are all field forces.

40. Review: Newton’s 1 st Law An object in motion stays in motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by unbalanced force. A push or pull will cause object to speed up, slow down, or change direction.

41. Review: Forces are Balanced Object at Rest V = zero m/s Objects in Motion V ≠ zero m/s Stay at Rest Stay in Motion (same speed and direction a = 0 m/s 2

42. Basically, objects just keep on doing whatever they are doing unless they are acted upon by an unbalanced force.

43. Review: Common Examples Ketchup stays in the bottom (at rest) until you bang (outside force) on the end of the bottom. A headrest in a car prevents whiplash injuries during a rear-end collision ( your head goes forward and then jerks backward). Animation 1 – ladder truckAnimation 1 Animation 2 – no seatbeltAnimation 2

44. Free-body diagrams Free-body diagrams are used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting on an object.

45. This diagram shows four forces acting upon an object. There aren’t always four forces, For example, there could be one, two, or three forces.

46. Problem 1 A book is at rest on a table top. Diagram the forces acting on the book.

47. Problem 1 In this diagram, there are normal and gravitational forces on the book.

48. Problem 2 An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree. Neglect air resistance. Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces involved.

49. Gravity is the only force acting on the egg as it falls.

50. Problem 3 A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps) from a tree to the ground at constant velocity. Consider air resistance. A free body diagram for this situation looks like…

51. Gravity pulls down on the squirrel while air resistance keeps the squirrel in the air for a while.

52. Problem 4 A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance. Construct a free-body diagram. Let’s see what this one looks like.

53. Note the applied force arrow pointing to the right. Notice how friction force points in the opposite direction. Finally, there is still gravity and normal forces involved.

54. Problem 5 A skydiver is descending with a constant velocity. Consider air resistance. Draw a free-body diagram.

55. Gravity pulls down on the skydiver, while air resistance pushes up as she falls.

56. Problem 6 A man drags a sled across loosely packed snow with a rightward acceleration. Draw a free-body diagram.

57. The rightward force arrow points to the right. Friction slows his progress and pulls in the opposite direction. Since there is not information that we are in a blizzard, normal forces still apply as does gravitational force since we are on planet Earth.

58. Problem 7 A football is moving upwards toward its peak after having been booted by the punter. Draw a free-body diagram.

59. The force of gravity is the only force described. It is not a windy day (no air resistance).

60. Problem 8 A car runs out of gas and is coasting down a hill.

61. Even though the car is coasting down the hill, there is still the dragging friction of the road (left pointing arrow) as well as gravity and normal forces.

62. Net Force Now let’s take a look at what happens when unbalanced forces do not become completely balanced (or cancelled) by other individual forces. An unbalanced forces exists when the vertical and horizontal forces do not cancel each other out.

63. Example 1 Notice the upward force of 1200 Neutons (N) is more than gravity (800 N). The net force is 400 N up.

64. Example 2 Notice that while the normal force and gravitation forces are balanced (each are 50 N) the force of friction results in unbalanced force on the horizontal axis. The net force is 20 N left.

65. Another way to look at balances and unbalanced forces

66. Balanced or unbalanced?

67. Balanced or Unbalanced?

68. Evaluation Complete question #9 on the Free-body Diagram Worksheet.

70. Special thanks to the Physics Classroom used to prepare this lesson http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHY S/Class/newtlaws/u2l2d.html

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m 1 and m 2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m 1 is on the left of block m 2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m 1. 1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks? A. C. B.D.

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m 1 and m 2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m 1 is on the left of block m 2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m 1. 1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks? A. C. B.D.

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m 1 and m 2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m 1 is on the left of block m 2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m 1. 2. What is the horizontal force acting on m 2 ? F. m 1 a G. m 2 a H. (m 1 + m 2 )a J. m 1 m 2 a Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m 1 and m 2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m 1 is on the left of block m 2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m 1. 2. What is the horizontal force acting on m 2 ? F. m 1 a G. m 2 a H. (m 1 + m 2 )a J. m 1 m 2 a Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the crate. A. 3.30 N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis B. 3.30 N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis C. 3.30 x 10 2 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis D. 3.30 x 10 2 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the crate. A. 3.30 N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis B. 3.30 N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis C. 3.30 x 10 2 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis D. 3.30 x 10 2 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball? A. m ball g directed down B. m ball g directed up C. m earth g directed down D. m earth g directed up

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball? A. m ball g directed down B. m ball g directed up C. m earth g directed down D. m earth g directed up

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 10 7 kg. If the locomotive can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 10 5 N, how long would it take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h? (Disregard friction.) A. 4.7 x 10 2 s B. 4.7s C. 5.0 x 10 -2 s D. 5.0 x 10 4 s

80. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 10 7 kg. If the locomotive can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 10 5 N, how long would it take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h? (Disregard friction.) A. 4.7 x 10 2 s B. 4.7s C. 5.0 x 10 -2 s D. 5.0 x 10 4 s

81. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement  x. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in terms of  x. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal force.) A.  x/4 B.  x C. 2  x D. 4  x

82. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement  x. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in terms of  x. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal force.) A.  x/4 B.  x C. 2  x D. 4  x

83. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement  x. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the truck’s skidding distance? A.  x/4 B.  x C. 2  x D. 4  x

84. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement  x. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the truck’s skidding distance? A.  x/4 B.  x C. 2  x D. 4  x

85. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A? F.F s =F applied G.F k =F applied H.F s <F applied I.F k >F applied Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.

86. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A? F.F s =F applied G.F k =F applied H.F s <F applied I.F k >F applied Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.

87. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B? A.F s, max =F k B.F k > F s, max C.F k >F applied D.F k <F applied Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.

88. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B? A.F s, max =F k B.F k > F s, max C.F k >F applied D.F k <F applied Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.

89. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 10.How long does the ball take to hit the ground? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4

90. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 10.How long does the ball take to hit the ground? Answer: 6.00 s Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4

91. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground?

92. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground? Answer: 72.0 m Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

93. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

94. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed? Answer: 63.6 m/s Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

95. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

96. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right. Answer: at rest, moves to the left, hits back wall

97. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the truck moves with a constant velocity to the right.

98. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the truck moves with a constant velocity to the right. Answer: moves to the right, at rest, neither Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

99. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 15. The truck in item 14 slows down. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

100. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 15. The truck in item 14 slows down. Answer: moves to the right, moves to the right, hits front wall Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Short Response, continued

101. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º. If  k between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Extended Response

102. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º. If  k between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work. Answer: 0.71 m/s 2 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Extended Response

103. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Extended Response, continued 17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams, and identify all the forces involved. How do they combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force you must supply to hold the book up be different for different types of walls? Design a series of experiments to test your answer. Identify exactly which measurements will be necessary and what equipment you will need.

104. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams, and identify all the forces involved. How do they combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force you must supply to hold the book up be different for different types of walls? Design a series of experiments to test your answer. Identify exactly which measurements will be necessary and what equipment you will need. Answer: Plans should involve measuring forces such as weight, applied force, normal force, and friction. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 4 Extended Response, continued

105. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Force Diagrams Section 1 Changes in Motion

106. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt Section 2 Newton’s First Law