1. Chapter 9: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition Module 9.1 What is Intelligence? Module 9.2 Measuring Intelligence Module 9.3 Special Children, Special Needs Children and Their Development, 3/e by Robert Kail

2. 9.1 What is Intelligence? Psychometric Theories Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

3. 9.1 Psychometric Theories Use patterns of test performance as starting point Test scores provide evidence for general intelligence (g) and specific intelligences (e.g., perceptual speed, word comprehension) Hierarchical theories are a compromise between general and specific theories

4. Hierarchical View of Intelligence 9.1: Psychometric Theories

5. 9.1 Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Instead of using test scores, draws upon research in child development, brain- damaged adults, and exceptional talent Proposes 7 intelligences: linguistic, logical- mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily- kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal Gardner believed that schools should foster all intelligences

6. 9.1 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Contextual subtheory--intelligence involves skillful adaptation to a specific environment Experiential subtheory--on novel tasks, intelligence is shown by readily applying pertinent knowledge; on familiar tasks, by solving them automatically Componential subtheory--any intelligent act consists of cognitive components

7. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory 9.1: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

8. 9.2 Measuring Intelligence Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing Do Tests Work? Hereditary and Environmental Factors Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

9. 9.2 Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing Binet used mental age to distinguish “bright” from “dull” children Led to the Stanford-Binet which gives a single IQ score; average = 100 WISC, devised in the 1930s, gives verbal and performance IQ scores and a combination of the two scores

10. Distribution of IQ Scores 9.2: Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing

11. Sample Items from WISC-II 9.2: Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing

12. 9.2 Do Tests Work? Are they reliable? In the short term, yes. In the longer term, less so. Infant tests do not reliably predict adult IQ, but scores obtained in childhood do Are they valid? Yes, tests are good predictors of success in school and the workplace, particularly for more complex jobs Validity can be increased with dynamic testing (measures learning potential)

13. Correlation Between Childhood and Adult IQ 9.2: Do Tests Work?

14. 9.2 Hereditary and Environmental Factors Effects of heredity shown in family studies Heredity also influences patterns of intellectual development (twins, adoptees) Effects of environment shown in studies of home environments (children with high test scores come from well-organized homes), historical change in IQ scores, and intervention programs

15. Correlations of IQ for Family Members 9.2: Hereditary and Environmental Factors

16. 9.2 Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status Asian Americans have highest scores followed by European Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans Group differences reduced when compare groups of similar economic status Culture-fair intelligence tests reduce the differences but don’t eliminate them Stereotype threat: knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance Test-taking styles must be considered, too

17. Culture-fair Test Item 9.2: Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

18. 9.3 Special Children, Special Needs Gifted and Creative Children Children with Mental Retardation Children with Learning Disabilities

19. 9.3 Gifted and Creative Children Gifted: traditionally refers to someone with scores on intelligence tests of at least 130 Exceptional talent must be nurtured Intelligence is associated with convergent thinking (arriving at one, correct answer) Creativity is associated with divergent thinking (aim is novel and unusual lines of thought)

20. Examples of Creativity 9.3: Gifted and Creative Children

21. 9.3 Children with Mental Retardation Mental retardation: substantially below average intelligence Organic mental retardation: retardation caused by a specific biological or physical problem, only about 25% of the cases, usually more severe Familial mental retardation: represents the lower end of the normal distribution of intelligence

22. Levels of Mental Retardation 9.3: Children with Mental Retardation

23. 9.3 Children with Learning Disabilities Children with learning disabilities have normal intelligence, but have difficulty mastering academic material Many different learning disabilities so difficult to diagnose and many different treatments