1. CS626-449: NLP, Speech and Web-Topics-in-AI Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay Lecture 35: Semantic Relations; UNL; Towards Dependency Parsing

2. 2 Web at a glance Google indexes more than 8 billion pages Dominated by English Large part of world is deprived of this knowledge

3. 3 Search Engines Today Keyword based Irrelevant results Meaning not taken into account Language specific No search possible across language No translation possible

4. 4 Future of the World Wide Web WWW User Translation interface User Translation interface

5. 5 Features Meaning based More relevant results Multilingual Query in English Fetch document in Hindi Show it in English

6. 6 Machine Translation Translate from one language to other Two approaches Direct One step Using Intermediate language Two step

7. 7 Interlingua Intermediate language for machine translation Step one Convert from source language text to interlingua Step two Produce target langauge text from interlingua UNL : an interlingua in UNL system

8. 8 Internet for the Masses Internet Spanish interface English viewer Hindi viewer English interface Spanish viewer Hindi interface

9. 9 A Semantic Graph in: modifier a: indefinite the: definite student past tense agent bought object time computer new June modifier The student bought a new computer in June.

10. 10 UNL representation Ram is reading the newspaper Representation of Knowledge

11. 11 Knowledge Representation Ram read newspaper agt obj UNL Graph - relations

12. 12 Knowledge Representation Ram(iof>person) read(icl>interpret) newspaper(icl>print_media) UNL Graph - UWs agt obj

13. 13 Knowledge Representation Ram(iof>person) read(icl>interpret) newspaper(icl>print_media ) @entry @present @progress @def Ram is reading the newspaper UNL graph - attributes agt obj

14. 14 The boy who works here went to school plt agt @ entry @ past school(icl>institution) go(icl>move) boy(icl>person ) work(icl>do ) here @ entry agt plc :01 Another Example

15. 15 UNL System

16. 16 The World-wide Universal Networking Language (UNL) Project UNL English Russian Japanese Hindi Spanish Language independent meaning representation. Marathi

17. 17 The UNL System: An Overview

18. 18 Universal Networking Language Universal Words (UWs) Relations Attributes Knowledge Base

19. 19 UNL Graph obj agt @ entry @ past minister(icl>person) forward(icl>send) mail(icl>collection ) He(icl>person) @def gol He forwarded the mail to the minister.

20. 20 UNL Expression agt (forward(icl>send).@ entry @ past, he(icl>person)) obj (forward(icl>send).@ entry @ past, minister(icl>person)) gol (forward(icl>send ).@ entry @ past, mail(icl>collection). @def)