1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I. Cells 1) Robert Hooke: named cells 2) Living cells are about 60% water and surrounded by interstial fluid 3) Cells vary greatly, but they do contain the same basic parts

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings II. Anatomy of the Cell (know page 67) Figure 3.1a

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1) Cells consist of 3 main regions: Nucleus, Cytoplasm and plasma membrane 2) Nucleus: a) Control center of the cell, contains DNA b) Nuclear envelope: double membrane around the nucleus

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Nucleoli: sites where ribosomes are assembled d) Chromatin: DNA in thin bumpy threads e) Chromosomes: DNA in dense rod-like bodies

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Plasma membrane a) regulate what enters and leaves the cell b) Consists of phospholipid bilayer, with cholesterol and proteins c) Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane and keeps it fluid

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings d) Membrane Proteins functions: enzymes, receptors, transport, identification and binding sites e) Fluid mosaic model: models showing the arrangement of the membrane f) Microvilli:

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Cytoplasm: a) The cellular material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane b) Cytosol: semitransparent fluid suspending other elements 6) Organelles a) Mitochondria (powerhouse): Perform cellular respiration, burns food for energy

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings b) Ribosome: site of protein synthesis c) ER: transports material d) Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins e) Lysosome: contain digestive enzymes f) Peroxisomes: contains enzymes to detoxify poisonous substances and remove free radicals g) Cytoskeleton: acts as a framework for the cell

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.7a

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings h) Cilia: small hair like structures used to move material i) Flagella: long whip-like structure used to move cells 7) Cell Diversity: a) There are over 200 different cell types

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings b) Functions include 1. Connecting body parts (fibroblast & erythrocytes) 2. Cover & line (epithelia) 3. Move organs and parts (muscle) 4. Store nutrients (fat cells) 5. Fight disease (macrophages) 6. Gather information and control 7. Reproduction (gametes)

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings III. Cell Physiology 1)Plasma membranes are selectively permeable 2) General types of transport a) Passive: does not require energy b) Active: requires ATP (energy) 3) Types of passive: a) diffusion & osmosis b) Material will diffuse through the membrane if they 1. Small enough to pass through pores 2. Are lipid soluble

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Types of solutions: a) Isotonic: Equal concentrations, equal movement, and no change in cell b) Hypertonic: higher solute concentration, water moves out, cell shrinks c) Hypotonic: lower solute concentration, water moves in, cell swells

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Facilitated diffusion: Provides passage for substances, through a protein channel or a protein carrier 6) Filtration: moves material across a membrane by a pressure gradient 7) Active process: Move material against the concentration gradient

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8) Solute pumps: Uses ATP and protein carriers to move material (sodium- potassium pump) 9) Bulk transport: a)Exocytosis: moves material out of the cell b) Endocytosis:

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Phagocytosis: engulfing solids 2. Pinocytosis: taking in liquids c) Receptor-mediated: take in specific molecule when that attach to a receptor

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IV. Cell division 1) Cell cycle: series of changes a cell goes through from formation to division 2) Interphase: the period of time when cell performs normal functions 3) DNA replication: a) For a cell to function properly it must have the correct DNA

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings b) Before division, DNA is duplicated 4) Cell division: a)Mitosis: division of the nucleus in non- reproducing cells b) Meiosis: Division of the nucleus in gametes (1/2 the DNA) c) Cytokenesis: division of the rest of the cell

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings d) Phases: 1. Prophase: chromosomes appear and nucleus disappear 2. Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the mid-line 3. Anaphase: Chromosomes move toward poles 4. Telophase: Opposite of prophase, cytokenesis starts

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.15

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.15(cont)

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein synthesis page 83-85

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings V. Tissues: 1) The body starts as a single fertilized egg, which begins to divide forming identical daughter cells 2) Differentiation: point where cells specialize into tissue 3) There are only 4 major types of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Epithelial: a) Forms linings, coverings and glandular tissue b) Functions: protection, absorption, filtration and secretion c) Types: (simple- 1 layer or stratified- more than 1 layer) 1. Squamous: flat 2. Cuboidal: cube 3. Columnar: column

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium Figure 3.17a

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelium Figure 3.18a

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium Figure 3.18e

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Connective a)Found everywhere, most abundant and diverse group b) Functions in protection, supporting and binding c) Matrix: material between the tissue cells (varies with type) d) Includes: bones, cartilage, dense connective, loose connective, Areolar, Adipose, reticular connective, blood

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6) Muscle Tissue a) Three types of tissue that all contract b) Types 1. Skeletal: voluntary, striated 2. Cardiac: involuntary, striated 3. Smooth: involuntary, not striated

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue Figure 3.21

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7) Nervous Tissue Figure 3.21 a) Major characteristics: irritability and conductivity b) Consists of conducting cells and support cells

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8) Tissue Repair a) Regeneration: Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells b) Fibrosis: Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) c) Determination of method: Type of tissue damaged & Severity of the injury