1. Power Distribution Peter W Phillips STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains, 1-3 October 2013

2. Abstract The power distribution systems of the LHC experiments use a number of stages to convert power from the 50Hz mains grid to the voltages needed by the front end systems. In many cases a final linear regulation step takes place in the front end system, but in other cases this step takes place off-detector, presenting challenges in terms of stability as remote sensing must be used to maintain the correct voltage at the point of load. In any event, resistive losses in the power cables are often of a similar magnitude to the delivered power. Considering the low voltages and high currents needed by contemporary front end designs, reduced tolerance to over-voltage events and the increased channel counts in some of the proposed detector systems, it is clear that new power distribution strategies are required. Two alternate powering schemes are being studied with a view to HL-LHC: DC-DC Conversion and Serial Powering. Radiation hard DC-DC converters with air-core inductors have been designed and built, as have the circuit blocks needed to operate a chain of serially connected detector modules, and both schemes have been shown to perform well in small-scale system tests. In addition, switched capacitor DC-DC converters have been demonstrated to be a viable, high efficiency alternative to on-chip linear regulators. The status of this work shall be shown and the merits and drawbacks of each scheme outlined. The directions of future development shall be described, as required to deliver reliable, low-mass powering solutions on an appropriate timescale. Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains2

3. Outline Power Distribution at LHC – Individual Powering – Parallel Powering – Motivations for change Serial Powering – Concept – Examples DC-DC Point of Load – Buck Converter Concept Examples – Switched Capacitor Concept Examples HV Multiplexing Conclusions Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains3

4. 4 Example: ATLAS SCT (Silicon Strips) 4088 Detector Modules Independent Powering – 4088 cable chains – 22 PS racks in service caverns – 4 crates / rack – (up to) 48 LV and 48 HV channels / crate Longest cable run – ~130m copper cable (3 gauges) – ~2m copper/kapton (endcap) or aluminium/kapton (barrel) power tapes – Voltage limiter in line to block spikes due to sudden drops in load Typical overall efficiency ~40% Peter W Phillips

5. 5 Example: CMS Silicon Strip Tracker 15000 Detector Modules Parallel Powering – 1944 “detector power groups” – 29 racks in main cavern – (up to) 6 crates per rack – CAEN EASY system for “hostile environments” Magnetic field tolerant Radiation tolerant Typical cable run 40m copper + 6m aluminium ~48% power lost on cables Peter W Phillips

6. Motivations for Change More Channels => More Power More Copper  More Money More Power => More Copper Lower V I drops => risk of damage Identify alternate powering schemes which Increase Efficiency Reduce Cost Reduce Material Reduce Risk Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains6

7. Why Serial Powering? V LOAD V V V Independent Powering Parallel Powering Serial Powering Losses in off-detector cabling of total resistance R for n loads drawing current I: P = nI 2 R P = I 2 R P = n 2 I 2 R R/2 Serial Powering offers higher system efficiency than Independent or Parallel Powering. LOAD R/2 LOAD R/2 I Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains7

8. LOAD R/2 LOAD R/2 I More on Serial Powering Elements of a serially powered system – Current Source – Shunt regulator / transistor – AC or opto-coupling of control signals – Protection circuit & Bypass shunt Shunt current past faulty device in response to over- voltage condition or under DCS control Current must be sufficient to power the biggest load in the chain – Best suited to chains of devices with same current demand Requires very little additional material – Can be useful for tracking detectors Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains8

9. Example: ATLAS Pixel Shunt-LDO Combined Shunt and LDO (ShuLDO) in FE-I4 – The left part is a standard LDO – The right part is the shunt circuit Benefit wrt standard shunt regulators – Shunt-LDO regulators generating different output voltages can be placed in parallel without any problem regarding mismatch and shunt current distribution Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains9

10. Example: ATLAS Strip Stave (SP) Distributed SP Architecture – Shunt transistors within ABCN25 FE ASIC, 20 per hybrid – One control block per hybrid (SPP chip or commercial parts) Three short (4 module) prototypes built – Some with protection circuitry (SPP chip commercial parts) – Good results in “Chain of Modules” Configuration Longer (12 module) prototype to follow in the coming months – With integrated protection from SPP chip 0V 2.5V 5V 7.5V 10V Distributed SP Architecture (within the hybrid) Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains10

11. Synchronous Buck Converter ON Output voltage is regulated by adjustment of the duty cycle of the two switch transistors Losses in off-detector cabling of total resistance R for n loads drawing current I through individual DC-DC Point of Load converters (one per load): P = n 2 I 2 R / g 2 where g = Vin/Vout HL-LHC converter specs: Vin typically 10, Vout typically 1.5V, so gain typically 6 to 7 Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains11

12. Why not COTS? Commercial Point of Load Buck Converters – readily available – cheap & efficient – small and reliable BUT – ferrite-cored inductors 2 – 4 Tesla magnetic field  – not radiation hard ~1 MGy and 10 15 1MeV neutrons/cm -2  We need custom converters – air-cored inductors – radiation hardened ASIC – for tracker applications: low mass design Front and Rear views of a Typical Commercial Point of Load DC-DC Converter (case removed): Input 24V, Output 5V 1A, 90% efficiency Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains12

13. Custom Buck Converters FEAST, a “production ready” buck converter ASIC, is now under test at CERN – Follows on from AMIS5 prototype in same, commercial 0.35um technology FEAST DC-DC converter Module – 127um thick tinned copper shield (not shown) – Custom 430nH oval air-cored inductor – Vin 5V (6V for AMIS5) to 12V (min Vin = Vout+2V) – Vout 1.2V to 5V, 4A max – EMC compliant with conductive noise requirements of CISPR11 Class B – TID above 200Mrad, displacement damage up to 7e14 1MeV neutrons/cm 2 – Magnetic field tolerance > 40,000 Gauss Sample converters with AMIS5 available now – Includes module to generate –V from +V Converters with FEAST available 2014 – 10,000 units to be made for Phase 1 LHC upgrades AMIS5MP: 3.7cm x 1.7cm FEAST: Preliminary Efficiency Data @ 1.8MHz Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains13

14. Example: Phase 1 Calorimeter Information to follow from Federico Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains14

15. Example: CMS Pixel Upgrade For installation in 2016-17 shutdown – x1.9 increase in channel count x1.9 increase in power consumption – Must use existing cable plant Even today, 50% power lost in cables Use DC-DC converters with AMIS5 / FEAST – Smaller, round 220nH air-cored inductor – Converters located 2.2m away from modules – 13 converter pairs (analogue, digital) per bus board Each converter pair serves 1 - 4 pixel modules – I out < 3A per converter No noise increase due to use of DC-DC converters Prototype bus board with 24 DC-DC converters AC_PIX_V8 A: 2.8cm x 1.6cm; ~ 2.0g Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains15

16. Example: ATLAS Strip Stave (DC-DC) 16 H0H1H2H3H4H5H6H7 Column0123456789101112131415 ENC@ 1.0fC 648620656689651627640673651624632660638612626650 H0H1H2H3H4H5H6H7 STV-10 Buck Converters from CERN group used on stave – Based on commercial chip due to high current requirement Three short (8 hybrid) prototypes built – All with good results Longer (24 hybrid) prototype under construction Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains

17. DC-DC with Switched Capacitors Phase 1 – Charge in series Phase 2 – Discharge in parallel 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 Load No inductors – can be implemented on our FE hybrids – even completely in the FE ASICs A high efficiency alternative to on-chip LDOs Much industrial R&D focussed in this area May be used as part of a DC-DC or SP powering scheme Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains17

18. Example: Switched Capacitor DC-DC circuit in ATLAS Pixel FE-I4A Non-overlapping Clock Generator – generates 3 internal clocks from CLK_IN – same frequency but different phase & duty Charge Pump – consists of 4 transistors working as switches – manipulates pump capacitor under control of clocks External Pump Capacitor – Must be close to ASIC for good results – No significant impact upon noise performance when Cpump on top of FE-I4A Missing pixels unstable, not related to DC-DC Demonstrates Technique is Viable – Best results would require access to ASIC technologies with embedded capacitors Normal PowerDC-DC Power Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains18

19. HV MUX Material of HV cables can also be a concern in tracking applications Could parallel power n sensors – Lose all n sensors if one sensor fails as a short Solution: radiation hard HV transistor switch – Can now disconnect any failed sensors – Requires control signal near HV potential Present phase: Identification of Devices – Study of commercial HV switches GaN, Silicon, Silicon Carbide Characterisation before and after irradiation – Study of possible driver circuits 800 μm 300V Silicon JFET 200V GaN FET Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains19

20. Conclusions Two main power strategies being explored for HL-LHC – SP circuit blocks built, small scale system tests give encouraging results – Radiation hard, air cored DC-DC converters have been demonstrated In addition – Switched capacitor DC-DC conversion is a viable, high efficiency alternative to on-chip LDO regulators – Risks associated with parallel sensor biasing can be eliminated if suitable HV switch transistors can be identified Continued support needed to deliver suitable parts in time for HL-LHC Peter W PhillipsECFA HL-LHC Workshop, Aix-les-Bains20