1. What Are We Doing Now? To Measure Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment. Approaches to Emerging Chemicals Issues Workshop March 1, 2005 Herb Buxton Coordinator, Toxic Substances Hydrology Program

2. Key Questions How do we decide which chemicals to measure? How do we assure a representative measurement? How do we decide where to look in the environment? How do we decide which environmental media to sample (water, sediment, tissue,…). How do we decide what to monitor?

3. How do we decide which chemicals to measure? Mass produced/Quantities used. Manner used & release pathways. Anticipated environmental behavior. Health significance. Ability to measure. Potential as indicators/tracers. Stakeholder priorities.

4. The Catch! Why are you studying this compound if you don’t know if it’s a health risk? Health effects information to guide environmental occurrence studies. Environmental occurrence information to guide health effects studies.

5. Gadolinium complex of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid MRI Contrast Agent (Gromet and others, 1984; Bau and Dulski, 1996; Möller and others, 2002; Verplanck and others, 2003) The Gadolinium Anomaly Distance (km) Fourmile Creek Gd Conc (µg/L) -0.1 km = 0.004 0.0 km = 0.057 10.6 km = 0.047 Boulder Creek Gd Conc (µg/L) -0.1 km = 0.002 0.0 km = 0.150 10.6 km = 0.041 Unpublished/Provisional Data Distance (km)

6. 158 Compounds in Water 45 Antibiotics 12 Prescription Drugs 8 Nonprescription Drugs 14 Hormones and Steroids 79 Household and Industrial Compounds 83 Compounds in Sediment 3 Antibiotics 12 Prescription Drugs 7 Nonprescription Drugs 61 Household and Industrial Compounds USGS Analytical Capabilities

7. How do we assure a representative measurement? Consistent field protocols. Field Quality Assurance. Laboratory QA. Agregate QA datasets. Interlab comparison & coordination.

8. How do we decide where to look in the environment? Investigating Source Pathways for Environmental Release

9. Testing for Environmental Occurrence Are contaminants entering our aquatic environments ? At what Levels? In what Mixtures? Stream Recon 99-00 GW Recon 00-01 spring sump well Looking in Urban and Agricultural areas.

10. WWTF CSOs ISDS Industrial Disch. Landfills Water Reuse. Human Waste Pathways

11. Animal Feeding Operations  Waste lagoons  Land application Processing Animal Waste Pathways Manure (kg/day) Human 1.5 Cow 30 Hog 4 Sheep 1.5 Chicken 0.14

12. Source Characterization Studies Liquid and Solid Waste

13. How do we decide which environmental media to sample?

14. Stream Water  g/L (n=44) Streambed Sediment  g/kg (n=44) Irrigated Soils (Reclaimed water)  g/kg (n=108) Biosolids  g/kg (n=6) Cotinine0.030.510.0721.04 Albuterol0.030ND29.68 Cimetidine0.112.45ND44.98 Acetaminophen0.060.270.37122.42 1,7-dimethylxanthine0.750.09ND1333.34 Trimethoprim0.111.220.0311.81 Diltiazem0.031.60.0323.92 Fluoxetine01.840.1337.38 GemfibrozilND20.35ND235.16 Caffeine0.4210.870.14242.39 Sulfamethoxazole0.161.080.35162.25 Dehydronifedipine0.011.790.0516.75 Codeine0.070.7ND10.12 Thiabendazole0.014.860.076.55 Diphenhydramine0.0615.580.05164.75 ErythromycinND5.873.035 Carbamazapine0.064.160.3320.89 MiconazoleND2.990.04198.98 WarfarinND0.690.1531.87 EC Conc.’s by Matrix (Average Detection)

15. How do we decide what to monitor? Transport Transformation Persistence Fate Health Effects -Ecological -Human (Barber and others, 1995)

16. Site Water Sediment # (  g/L) (  g/kg) 2 3.1 2000 (0 km) 4 0.7 580 (2.9 km) 5 0.4 200 (8.4 km) Tonalide (musk) in Fourmile Creek, IA 1 0.021 <25 (-0.1 km)

17. Fourmile Ck Tracer Test Leading Edge Peak Trailing Edge Dye Injection

18. Watershed Study - Boulder Creek, CO - Hormone levels elevated downstream of WWTP - Fish community and fish health assessment being conducted (USGS / University of Colorado) Unpublished/Provisional Data <0.8 2.1 1.4 2.9 1.2 E2 Concentrations, ng/L

19. External Deformities Abnormal Blood Chemistry Abnormal Gonad Development Cellular Abnormalities Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption in Fish male female

20. The USGS Toxics Program: toxics.usgs.gov Emerging Water Quality Issues: toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html Acknowledgements Field expertise in 50 District (state) Offices. Dana Kolpin, Iowa City IA dwkolpin@usgs.gov Ed Furlong, Denver CO Larry Barber, Boulder CO Mike Meyer, Lawrence KS Steve Zaugg, Denver CO James Gray, Boulder CO Sheridan Haack, Lansing MI Kymm Barnes, Iowa City IA Colleen Rostad, Denver CO Mike Focazio, Reston VA Melissa Schultz, Denver CO