1. PSYCHOLOGY ROCKS Why did you take this class? What do you hope to get from this class?

2. Objective I will be able to relay the concepts learned about psychology’s history and research method’s (in group activities, individual assignments and on tests)

3. Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology

4. What is Psychology?

5. The science of behavior and mental processes. What are behaviors? What are mental processess?

6. What is Psychology Behaviors Any action we can record and observe: Yelling Smiling Blinking Talking Questionnaire marking Sweating Kissing Mental Processes Sensations Perceptions Dreams Thoughts Beliefs Feeling

7. Let’s Dance

8. Why are some people good dancers? Why are some people “bad’ dancers?

9. Psychologies Biggest Question????? Nature To what does nature refer? Nurture To what does nurture refer ?

10. From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed Prior to 1879 –Physiology and philosophy scholars study questions about the mind: –Are people’s perceptions of the world an accurate reality? –How do the mind and body interact?

11. From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed *Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) University of Leipzig,* Germany –Campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline –*Established first laboratory for study of psychology in 1879 *Psychology was born-Father of Psychology

12. Wundt

13. Wilhelm Wundt’s International Influence Leipzig, the place to study psychology –Graduates of Wundt’s program set up new labs across Europe and North America *G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924), Johns Hopkins University –*Established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1883 Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new laboratories in North America

14. For Wundt Psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (things that we were aware of)

15. Figure 1.1 Early Research Laboratories in North America

16. Psychology Enters a period of Turmoil

17. The Battle of the “Schools” in the U.S.: Structuralism vs. Functionalism Structuralism – Edward Titchener, from England, to US in 1892, taught at Cornell, earned degree in Wundt’s Germany-brought own version of Wundt’s psychology to US –*Analyze consciousness into basic elements: relied on introspection to do this 1. *Introspection – careful observations of one’s own conscious experience-subjects exposed to auditory tones, optical illusions and stimuli that the subjects needed to analyze

18. Edward Titchener

19. The Battle of the “Schools” in the U.S.: Structuralism vs. Functionalism *Functionalism – William James (MD who didn’t find medicine challenging) –Investigate function (what does it do in real life situations) of consciousness rather than its structure –Led to investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex differences –*He focused on the functions rather than the structure of consciousness –He wrote The Principles of Psychology (1890- study of the mind, sensation, memory and reason)

20. William James *James argued that consciousness consisted of a continuous flow of thoughts and not into different elements. Structuralism went to the laboratory while functionalists focused on how people adapt their behavior to real world demands

21. What Is Your Perspective on the Below Situation? Mario is seventeen and a junior at Everglades HS. His main interest is to mack on girls and get their phone numbers. When he gets those “digits',” his father high fives him and says, “that’s my boy.” He also gets jealous when his girlfriend talks to other guys. Mario also can’t seem to focus and always needs to get up in class and walk around. Why does he behave these ways? Write it down?

22. After Structuralism and Functionalism, Eight Perspectives (also called approaches)Develop as part of Psychology : 1. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic 2. Behavioral 3. Humanism 4. Cognitive 5. Biological 6. Evolutionary 7. Sociocultural/Cultural 8. Biopsychosocial All are varying ways to explain behaviors

23. 1. Psychoanalytic Perspective: Sigmund Freud and the Concept of the Unconscious Mind *Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austria- medical doctor who treated mental disorders such as irrational fears, anxieties and obsessions *Emphasis on unconscious processes and repressed childhood experiences influencing behaviorand responsible for personality, motivation and mental disorders –*Unconscious = outside awareness

24. Sigmund Freud

25. Unconscious Processes of Freud *Unconscious contain: Thoughts Memories (repressed) Desires below the surface of conscious awareness that had a big influence on behavior

26. Freud’s Ideas: Controversy and Influence *Behavior is influenced by the unconscious *Unconscious conflict related to sexual desires plays a central role in behavior He had big influence on the field of psychology Freud=father of therapy

27. 2. Behaviorism/Learning Perspective *John B. Watson (1878-1958): United States –Founder of Behaviorism *Behavior = only looked at overt, observable responses or behaviors –Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behavior –Study of consciousness abandoned Behaviors result because they are rewarded or punished

28. John B. Watson 1878-1958 Behaviorism- alters psychologies course

29. Just what are observable behaviors?

30. Who is in control of how you behave?

32. John Watson and the Nature-Nurture Debate Nurture, not nature –“give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief…” *Behaviorist school of thought emphasized the environment (nurture), and how environment (my family, friends, coworkers, etc…) influences behavior Focus on stimulus-response relationships: you act jealous, I coddle you to assure you, that rewards your jealousy and causes it to reoccur

33. *BF Skinner 1904-1990 Environmental factors determine behavior *Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated *Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not repeated

34. BF Skinner 1904-1990 Beyond Freedom and Dignity He felt free will was an illusion. He worked with rats and pigeons, showed he could have control over their behavior by manipulating the outcome of their responses. *People are controlled by their environment, not by themselves.

35. 3. The 1950’s: Opposition to Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism *Both perspectives de-humanizing So emerged - *Humanism –Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers –*Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans: freedom to make choices and for personal growth

36. 3. *asserts that once I realize my self-worth I am able to change behaviors Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

37. 4. The Return of Cognition *Cognition/Cognitive Perspective = refers to mental processes such as problem solving or thought processes. Negative behaviors are result of how I interpret events in my life 1950’s and 60’s – Piaget (children’s development), Chomsky (language acquisition)

38. Cognitive Perspective *Internal mental events affect behavior= Our mental images and how we interpret situations affects how we behave and react

39. 5. Biological Psychology: The Biological Basis of Behavior –Biological perspective - behavior explained in terms of physiological/biochemical processes- ex. I flee a situation because certain chemicals are released that make me feel fear –Ex, I get boyfriend or girlfriend due to hormones (Testosterone)

40. 6. Evolutionary Psychology: Human Adaptations Central premise: natural selection occurs for behavioral, as well as physical, characteristics-We act the way we do to ensure reproductive success and future generations. I have good spatial skills because I am a women who gathered food- this skill was passed to me. Natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development are all to ensure survival and are passed on

41. 7. Sociocultural/Cultural Perspective: One’s cultural expectations, rules and customs determines one’s behavior 8. Bio/psycho/social Approach (current version of behavior): Interaction of three determine behavior, say depression: 1. body’s functioning such as brain, chemical, or hormones 2. psychological functioning such as how I cope with and interpret life events 3.environmental events (culture, divorce, job loss, family death, being abused, for instances )

42. Cultural Psychology: Ethnocentrism – viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways Historically: middle and upper class white males studying middle and upper class white males

43. Table 1.1 Overview of Six Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology

44. Figure 1.7 Employment of psychologists by setting

45. Figure 1.8 Major research areas in contemporary psychology

46. Figure 1.9 Principal professional specialties in contemporary psychology