1. Chapter 17 pt. 1: Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, and Behaviorism Therapies

2. Imagine a good friend of yours has approached you about a problem he or she has developed recently. The friend describes several symptoms, including increased feelings of depression, crying spells, loss of interest in activities, and changes in eating and sleeping patterns. You have asked enough questions to assume person is clinically depressed. Assume the role of therapist and develop some possible interventions. Come up with 3 possible ideas to help your friend. Imagine a good friend of yours has approached you about a problem he or she has developed recently. The friend describes several symptoms, including increased feelings of depression, crying spells, loss of interest in activities, and changes in eating and sleeping patterns. You have asked enough questions to assume person is clinically depressed. Assume the role of therapist and develop some possible interventions. Come up with 3 possible ideas to help your friend.

3. 2 Major Types of Therapy 1. Psychological Therapies: employ interaction (usually verbal) between trained professional and a client with a problem 1. Psychological Therapies: employ interaction (usually verbal) between trained professional and a client with a problem 2. Biomedical: therapies directed at a patient’s nervous system. 2. Biomedical: therapies directed at a patient’s nervous system. VS.

4. Psychotherapy Differs Depending on the Perspective of Therapist Psychotherapy: emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. Psychotherapy: emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. There are different types based on personality theories we discussed: There are different types based on personality theories we discussed: 1. Psychoanalytic 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Humanistic 2. Humanistic 3. Behavioral 3. Behavioral 4. Cognitive 4. Cognitive

5. Eclectic Approach Takes a Smorgasbord Approach Eclectic Approach: uses a variety of different techniques from various theories of therapy depending on the problem of the individual. Eclectic Approach: uses a variety of different techniques from various theories of therapy depending on the problem of the individual. More than half of therapists take this approach. More than half of therapists take this approach.

6. Psychotherapy One: Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis’s main assumption? Psychoanalysis’s main assumption? Goal of psychoanalysis? Goal of psychoanalysis?

7. How do Psychoanalysts Unmask Your “Repressed Anxiety?” 1. While doing free association there will be blocks in your flow. Analysts interpret these blocks as Resistance. 1. While doing free association there will be blocks in your flow. Analysts interpret these blocks as Resistance. –Resistance: the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. – Based on your resistance the analysts will try to provide accurate interpretations: noting supposed meaning behind blocks in flow to provide patient with insight (reason behind your problems). 2. Psychoanalysts also interpret dreams’ latent content. 2. Psychoanalysts also interpret dreams’ latent content.

8. How do Psychoanalysts Unmask Your “Repressed Anxiety?” 3. Interpreting Transference 3. Interpreting Transference –After revealing extremely personal things about themselves to therapists, patients often start to feel positive or negative feelings towards their analyst. –Freud argued that the feelings you feel towards a therapist represented transference: patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

9. Criticism of Psychoanalytic Therapy 1. Built on assumption that repressed memories exist. 1. Built on assumption that repressed memories exist. 2. Interpretations cant be proven right or wrong. 2. Interpretations cant be proven right or wrong. 3. Is very time-consuming and costly…usually takes several years to achieve insight. 3. Is very time-consuming and costly…usually takes several years to achieve insight.

10. Interpersonal Psychotherapy as an Alternative To Psychoanalysis Interpersonal Psychotherapy: occurs in much shorter session and also aims to to help patients gain insight into the roots of their difficulties. Interpersonal Psychotherapy: occurs in much shorter session and also aims to to help patients gain insight into the roots of their difficulties. However instead of focusing on past, this approach focuses on current relationships and how to deal with problems….looking for symptom relief instead of personality change. However instead of focusing on past, this approach focuses on current relationships and how to deal with problems….looking for symptom relief instead of personality change.

11. Psychotherapy Two: Humanistic Approach Humanistic perspective hopes to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self acceptance. Humanistic perspective hopes to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self acceptance. Main Focuses: Main Focuses: 1. The present and future 1. The present and future 2. Conscious Rather than Unconscious Thoughts 2. Conscious Rather than Unconscious Thoughts 3. Individual Responsibility for feelings 3. Individual Responsibility for feelings 4. Promote growth instead of cures. 4. Promote growth instead of cures.

12. Carl Rogers’ Client or Person Centered Therapy Most widely used humanistic technique is client (person) centered therapy: technique which involves active listening witihin a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. Most widely used humanistic technique is client (person) centered therapy: technique which involves active listening witihin a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. Active listening: technique in which therapist is non-directive towards client and empathizes with them by echoing, restating, and clarifying their feelings. Active listening: technique in which therapist is non-directive towards client and empathizes with them by echoing, restating, and clarifying their feelings.

13. Client Centered Therapy Promotes Self-Awareness When given unconditional positive regard clients start to accept themselves including their faults and feel more valued and whole. When given unconditional positive regard clients start to accept themselves including their faults and feel more valued and whole.

14. Psychotherapy Three: Behavior Therapies Focus on Learning Unlike previous 2 psychotherapies, behavior therapies are not interested in the underlying cause of the problem or in achieving self-awareness. Unlike previous 2 psychotherapies, behavior therapies are not interested in the underlying cause of the problem or in achieving self-awareness. Behavior Therapies: assume the problems are the behaviors themselves and look to use well-established learning principles to eliminate the unwanted behavior. Behavior Therapies: assume the problems are the behaviors themselves and look to use well-established learning principles to eliminate the unwanted behavior.

15. Classical Conditioning Techniques Argue that learned responses like phobias can be unlearned through counterconditioning. Argue that learned responses like phobias can be unlearned through counterconditioning. Counterconditioning: behavior therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger your unwanted behaviors. Counterconditioning: behavior therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger your unwanted behaviors. Ex: pair fear of heights with relaxing stimuli. Ex: pair fear of heights with relaxing stimuli.

16. Two Types of Counterconditioning 1. Systematic Desensitization: exposure technique used to commonly treat phobias. Associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli until anxiety towards stimuli is eliminated. 1. Systematic Desensitization: exposure technique used to commonly treat phobias. Associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli until anxiety towards stimuli is eliminated. Goal is to extinguish previously learned response. Goal is to extinguish previously learned response. Key to enacting procedure is move gradually. Key to enacting procedure is move gradually. Also called Graduated Exposure Theory Also called Graduated Exposure Theory

17. How Could you Use Systematic Desensitization to Help people Overcome their Intense Fear of Old People?

18. Systematic Desensitization

19. More Aggressive Exposure Therapy Flooding: involves immediately exposing client to a stimulus that causes undesirable response to show that stimulus isn’t dangerous. Flooding: involves immediately exposing client to a stimulus that causes undesirable response to show that stimulus isn’t dangerous. Flooding can lead to extinction of fear. Flooding can lead to extinction of fear.

20. Less Aggressive Exposure Therapy (Not in Book) Implosion: patient imagines stimulus rather than being exposed to actual negative stimulus…hopes to reduce anxiety. Implosion: patient imagines stimulus rather than being exposed to actual negative stimulus…hopes to reduce anxiety. Usually used as first step in systematic desensitization. Usually used as first step in systematic desensitization.

21. Using Virtual Reality For Exposure Therapy

22. Two Types of Counterconditioning 2. Aversive Conditioning: is the opposite of systematic desensitization. Looks to reverse a negative behavior by associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. 2. Aversive Conditioning: is the opposite of systematic desensitization. Looks to reverse a negative behavior by associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

23. Aversive Therapy for Alcoholics UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) CS (alcohol) CR (nausea) Although initially successful why doesn’t aversive therapy usually stop people from permanently drinking?

24. Operant Conditioning Therapy What is Operant Conditioning? What is Operant Conditioning? Token Economy: procedure that rewards desired behavior. Patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for good behavior, for various privileges or treats. Token Economy: procedure that rewards desired behavior. Patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for good behavior, for various privileges or treats.

25. Observational Learning’s Impact on Therapy Bandura’s theories on modeling were extended to therapy when it was shown that Clients learn through observation of appropriate behavior (and Rewards) and will be encouraged to imitate the behavior. Bandura’s theories on modeling were extended to therapy when it was shown that Clients learn through observation of appropriate behavior (and Rewards) and will be encouraged to imitate the behavior.

26. Criticism of Behavior Therapy?