1. 6.5 Hyponymy

2. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.

3. 6.5 Hyponymy GeneralSpecific superordinate subordinate/hyponym flowerrose, plum, osmanthus ( 桂花） animalcow, horse, sheep,

4. 6.5 Hyponymy Hyponymy can be described in terms of inverted tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms.

5. 6.5 Hyponymy plant vegetable flower tree cabbagecarrotroseplum pine Chinese leaves red rose

6. 6.5 Hyponymy Hyponymy is very helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language. In reading comprehension, coherence by hyponymy is an important key:

7. 6.5 Hyponymy The village had most of the usual amenities: a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical centre, and a school. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness.

8. 6.5 Hyponymy [a]Trees surround the water near our summer place. [b] Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.

9. 6.5 Hyponymy Comment and improve: It is said that a magnificent building was destroyed recently. I heard from my neighbour Lao Wang that Shangri-la Hotel in Hankou was burnt down on the night of May Day.

10. 6.6 Semantic Field

11. Semantic fields refer to semantically related sets of words. fruit: apple, pear, peach, apricot, date, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon vegetable:, celery, lettuce, leek, potato cucumber, spinach, tomato, egg-plant

12. 6.6 Semantic Field The meaning of a word often depends on the neighbouring words which identify the semantic field and help pin down the meaning.

13. 6.6 Semantic Field What does orange mean? orange: red, blue, yellow pear, apple, peach coke, pepsi, sprite

14. 6.6 Semantic Field What does captain mean? Ship CrewNavy Army captaincaptain captain first officer/matecommander lieutenant 船长 上校 上尉 大副 中校 中尉

15. 6.6 Semantic Field Semantic field of address forms: Marriage status FemaleMale unmarriedMiss Mr marriedMrs unknown

16. 6.6 Semantic Field Changes in the semantic field: Marriage status FemaleMale unmarriedMiss MsMr marriedMrs unknownMs

17. 6.6 Semantic Field In different languages, the semantic field may have different members. Semantic field of Kinship terms:

18. 6.6 Semantic Field: kinship EnglishChinese father mother uncle aunt cousin nephew niece 父亲 母亲 叔叔，伯伯，舅舅，姨父，姑父 伯母，婶婶，姑妈，姨妈，舅妈 堂兄 / 弟，表兄 / 弟，堂姐 / 妹，表姐 / 妹 侄儿，外甥 侄女，外甥女

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