2. Organic/BioChemistry

3. Inorganic vs. Organic

4. Inorganic chemistry: compound which usually does not contain carbon AND hydrogen –Ex. O 3, NaCl, H 2 O, CO 2

5. Inorganic Chemistry: Compounds that do not need to contain: –Carbon: C AND –Hydrogen: H

6. Biochemical Compounds A.K.A Organic chemistry: compounds usually found in Living or once living organisms contains both Carbon and Hydrogen other elements found in living things are: C, H, O, N, Phosphorous Carbon = “element of LIFE”

7. Carbon: The element of LIFE

8. Biochemical Compounds Types of Organic Compounds found in all living things include: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.ProteiNs 4.Nucleic Acids KNOW THESE!!!

9. Organic Chemistry: Organic Compounds (Carbs, lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins) are chemically bonded together or broken down by: –Dehydration Synthesis: –Hydrolysis:

10. Dehydration Synthesis: process of joining (bonding) molecules to form large molecules called: MACROMOLECULES macromolecules are formed by REMOVING WATER!! –Hence the name dehydration… as in dehydrate

11. Hydrolysis: process of breaking down macromolecules into smaller molecules called MONOMERS smaller molecules are formed by ADDING WATER!

12. PROCESS STARTS WITH... ENDS WITH... Ex. dehydration synthesis small molecules (monomers) large molecules & water (macro- molecules) growth hydrolysis water & macromolecules small molecules (monomers) digestion

14. dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

15. Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules –macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: –carbohydrates –lipids –proteins –nucleic acids

16. H2OH2O HO H HH Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain –monomers building blocks repeated small units –covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

17. H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer Synthesis –joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out one monomer donates OH – other monomer donates H + together these form H 2 O –requires energy & enzymes enzyme Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction

18. H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer Digestion –use H 2 O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H 2 O is split into H + and OH – –H + & OH – attach to ends –requires enzymes –releases energy Hydrolysis Digestion enzyme

19. CarbonCompounds include that consist of which contain Carbon Compounds - Concept Map Building blocks of all life CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon,hydrogen,oxygenCarbon,hydrogen,oxygenCarbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen, Macromolecules Building Blocks Elements Macromolecules ID lab

20. Organic Compounds Cont… Carbohydrates: Made of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen Usually the Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen have a 1:2:1 ratio Used in organisms for quick energy

21. Carbohydrate: a. Monosaccharide : –simple sugar (1- ring) – “ose” ending = sugar –ex. Fructose, glucose:

22. Carbohydrate- Monosaccharide:

23. Carbohydrates: b. Disaccharide 2 simple sugars are chemically bonded together ex. Sucrose, lactose

24. Carbohydrate- Disaccharide:

25. Carbohydrates: C. Polysaccharide: many sugars chemically bonded together form long chains = polymers are macromolecules (lg molecules) ex. Starches, Chitin, and cellulose (found in fruits and veggies)

26. Carbohydrate- Polysaccharide 12 3 4

27. Elements Present Used by organisms for... Building Blocks (Monomers) Related Terms & Info carbon hydrogen oxygen C:H:O = 1:2:1 always! Quick energy monosacchar ide (simple sugars) ex: glucoseglucose Disaccharide: 2 connected monosaccharide (ex: maltose) Polysaccharide 3 or more connected monosaccharide (ex: starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose)

28. Organic Compounds cont. Lipids: Fats, cholesterol, waxes, oils Lipids + H 2 O  3 fatty acids +glycerol H to O ratio is much greater than 2:1 Do not EMULSIFY - break apart in H 2 O Used as Stored energy in organisms

29. 3 Fatty Acids and a Glycerol: 123123 GLYCEROLGLYCEROL

30. Lipids 2 classifications of fats: 1.Saturated fats 2.Unsaturated fats (which includes polyunsaturated fats)

31. Lipids: Saturated fats: solid at room temperature linked to cardiovascular disease have many H-C bonds

32. Lipids: Unsaturated fats: not solids at room temp not associated with cardiovascular disease have 1 or more double C-C bonds polyunsaturated fats have more than 1 double or triple C-C bond

33. Elements Present Used by Organisms for... Related Terms & Info Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen ONLY ! There is no specific H:O ratio. Stored Energy Structure (important part of cell membranes) saturated fat = C-C bonds are all single bonds unsaturated fat = contain at least one double or triple C- C bond Building Blocks of Lipids 3 Fatty Acids 1 glycerol

34. STOP!!! CK POINT Topic: “chemistry of life”: 1.What elements are found in carbohydrates and lipids? 2.Explain 2 differences between carbohydrates and lipids. 3.Describe the function for each? 4.How are monomers bonded together? Broken apart?

35. Organic Compounds: NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA & RNA We will save the nitty, gritty details of DNA & RNA for later in the year (Genetics). But for now, you should know there functions & basic structure, and how DNA compares to RNA.

36. DNA & RNA DNA & RNA are polymers (many units) --- long chains of smaller repeating units. The repeating unit (monomers) in nucleic acids is called a nucleotide.

37. nucleotide remember this !

38. nucleotide 1.A phosphate group 2.The carbohydrate… (see the “ring”?) 3.A nitrogen base: Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine What elements make up a nucleotide?

39. Repeating Units of Nucleotides Nucleotide How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?

40. Nucleic Acid: DNA

41. Nucleic Acid: RNA

42. Nucleic Acids: DNARNA FULL NAMEDeoxyribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid BASIC STRUCTURE2 long twisting strands of nucleotides in the form of a "double helix" 1 single strand of nucleotides NUCLEOTIDE SUGARDeoxyriboseRibose NITROGENOUS BASESguanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) uracil (U) LOCATION IN A CELLnucleus (the chromosomes) nucleus, in the cytoplasm, & at the ribosomes FUNCTIONthe hereditary material of a cell, directs & controls cell activities involved in protein synthesis

43. Organic Compounds: ProteiNs' Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen take the shape of coils, helixes and globules ex. Collagen, hormones, muscle tissue, enzymes, Hemoglobin

44. Structure of ProteiNs:

45. ProteiNs: Made up of basic building blocks MONOMERS called: AMINO ACIDS!!!!

46. Amino Acids: are the structural units (monomers) of protein bond together to form proteins The bond between amino acids are called Peptide bonds

47. Amino Acids: The order/sequence and size of amino acid determines the protein made 2 amino acids bonded together = dipeptide amino acids form long chains called a polypeptide chains

48. Elements Present Used by organisms for... Related Terms & Info carbon hydrogen oxygen & NITROGEN (sometimes Sulfur) muscles enzymes antibodies hormones Pigments Hemoglobin peptide bond = the bond that holds amino acids together in protein molecules dipeptide = 2 connected amino acids polypeptide = 3 or more connected amino acids monomers of Proteins: AMINO ACIDS!!!

49. STOP!!! CK POINT Topic: “NA and ProteiNs”: 1.What are 2 types of Nucleic Acids? 2.What is the “monomer” of a nucleic acid? 3.Describe the primary functions of nucleic acids. 4.Identify elements found in ProteiNs. 5.What is the monomer for ProteiNs?

50. Group Activity: G roup leaders to get a marker As a group, and when instructed, you will go to a poster in a designated area in the room When the timer begins WRITE 1 ACCURATE FACT Wait until instructed, move to the next poster. As you move to each poster, read each statement then add an additional fact

51. Enzymes: Are forms of protein!!!!!!!!!!!!! Usually end in “ASE” Are not changed during a chemical rxn (a substance affects a reaction w/o being changed is called a CATALYST)

52. Enzymes: Are organic catalysts : –Control the rate of rxn within cells –Catalysts allow rxns to occur at a faster rate Are used over and over For each chem. rxn, there is a specific enzyme to initiate the rxn

53. HOW ENZYMES WORK: Substrate- – the substance the enzyme acts upon Enzyme Active- – the region on the enzyme Substrate and Enzyme active site are specific to each other. The substrate fits the enzyme active site like a puzzle called: enzyme- substrate complex

54. HOW ENZYMES WORK: When the enzyme and substrate come together: The enzyme: –may cause 2 molecules to join together –may cause bonds to break

55. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

57. Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: 1.Concentration and surface area 2.Temperature 3.pH 4.Co-enzymes

58. Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: Concentration – determine rxn rates. Sometimes adding more concentration has little or no effect

59. Temperature– slowly raising the temp. increases rate. However, at higher temps., the enzyme can breakdown called Denaturation

60. temp and enzymes

61. pH level – specific to the enzyme stomach acidic, intestines slightly basic

62. Presence of coenzymes (vitamins) allows an enzyme to perform

63. Carbon Compounds 4 groups of carbon compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and protein. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of cell membranes and waterproofing. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Proteins: control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.

64. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical rxns always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

65. 2009-2010 Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules

66. Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions

67. Chemical reactions of life Processes of life –building molecules synthesis –breaking down molecules digestion ++

68. Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? –all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules –synthesis enzymes breaking down molecules –digestive enzymes –enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” ++ enzyme We can ’ t live without enzymes!

69. Examples  synthesis  digestion ++ enzyme

70. Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction –each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job –enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase

71. Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction –used only temporarily –re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules –very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions enzyme substrateproduct active site

72. It’s shape that matters! Lock & Key model –shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit –specific enzyme for each specific reaction

73. 1 2 3

74. Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme –helper protein molecule Substrate –molecule that enzymes work on Products –what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site –part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into

75. What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure –correct order of amino acids –why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature –why? enzyme has to be right shape pH (acids & bases) –why? enzyme has to be right shape

76. Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! DNA chain of amino acids folded protein right shape! wrong shape!

77. Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity –Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes –35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) –Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape –Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate

78. 37° Temperature temperature reaction rate What’s happening here?! human enzymes

79. pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity –changes in pH changes protein shape –most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

80. 7 pH reaction rate 20134568910 stomach pepsin intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! 11121314

81. 2009-2010 For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!