1. Romanticism & Realism (1804 – 1887)

2. Romanticism Professor A. D’Ascoli

3. Romantic Art Characteristics Criticism of the past Criticism of the past Emphasis on women and children Emphasis on women and children Respect for nature Respect for nature Expression of emotion is the key Expression of emotion is the key Supernatural and occult themes Supernatural and occult themes

4. Romantic Art The Wanderer The Wanderer 1817 – 1818 1817 – 1818 Hamburg, Germany Hamburg, Germany Artist: Caspar David Friedrich Artist: Caspar David Friedrich Greatest of the German Romantic painters Greatest of the German Romantic painters Mist was a favorite subject for Romantic Era painters Mist was a favorite subject for Romantic Era painters

5. Caspar David Friedrich The Polar Sea (Sea of Ice) 1823-1825

6. Caspar David Friedrich Abbey in the Oak Forest 1810

7. Caspar David Friedrich Monk by the Sea 1809-10

8. Romantic Art Family of Charles IV 1800 Madrid, Spain Artist: Francisco Goya Court painter of Charles IV Goya includes himself painting like Velazquez did Not a flattering version of the royal family but Goya’s use of color and costumes probably caused them to not notice

9. Romantic Art Third of May Third of May Madrid, Spain Madrid, Spain 1814 – 1815 1814 – 1815 Artist: Francisco Goya Artist: Francisco Goya French soldiers execute Madrid citizens for resisting their occupation French soldiers execute Madrid citizens for resisting their occupation Shooters are faceless, inhuman Shooters are faceless, inhuman Victim in Christ-like pose dies for liberty as the Church in darkness allows this to happen Victim in Christ-like pose dies for liberty as the Church in darkness allows this to happen

10. Francisco Goya y Lucientes The Giant c. 1808 Madrid, Spain Goya liked to explore the darker side of art

11. Francisco Goya Saturn Devouring His Children 1819-1823 Madrid, Spain Even taking the darker side of classical themes as a reaction against Classicism

12. Romantic Art Great Courage! Against Corpses! Madrid, Spain 1810 – 1823 Artist: Goya From his series the Disasters of War Goya attempted to show the brutality and inhumanity of war

13. Jacques-Louis David Napoleon at St. Bernard’s Pass Paris, France 1800 On the cusp of Neo-classical and Romantic

14. Romantic Art Raft of the Medusa Raft of the Medusa 1818 – 1819 1818 – 1819 Paris, France Paris, France Artist: Theodore Gericault Artist: Theodore Gericault Inspired by his outrage at the ship’s officers and captain saving themselves when the ship sank and left the 150 crewmembers and passengers on a raft Inspired by his outrage at the ship’s officers and captain saving themselves when the ship sank and left the 150 crewmembers and passengers on a raft Triangular composition Triangular composition Dramatic contrasts of light and shadow Dramatic contrasts of light and shadow

16. Théodore Géricault Insane Woman (Envy) 1822-1823 Paris, France Similar in many ways to my mother-in-law Captured realism but in a dark evocative way

17. Romantic Art Scenes from the Massacre at Chios 1824 Paris, France Artist: Eugene Delacroix Also from a contemporary event As Greeks declared independence from Turkey, some 10,000 were slaughtered on the island of Chios (birthplace of Homer) A rival artist nicknamed this “the massacre of painting” because of its loose form and lack of focus

18. Death of Sardanapalus 1826 Eugene Delacroix Paris, France Captured another real event to evoke emotional response

20. Romantic Art Liberty Leading the People Liberty Leading the People 1830 1830 Paris, France Paris, France Artist: Eugene Delacroix Artist: Eugene Delacroix Commissioned by Louis-Philippe to portray the uprising that led to his being placed in power, it was rejected as too emotional and unskilled at the time it was finished Commissioned by Louis-Philippe to portray the uprising that led to his being placed in power, it was rejected as too emotional and unskilled at the time it was finished Notre Dame can be seen in the background Notre Dame can be seen in the background Both aristocrats and commoners were involved Both aristocrats and commoners were involved Triangular composition Triangular composition

22. Giovanni Battista Piranesi Carceri 14 ca. 1750 Rome, Italy Most famous etcher of his time – did 1000s of sketches – precursor to MC Escher

23. Henry Fuseli The Nightmare London, England 1781 Fuseli was Swiss born with Italian roots but painted in England Painting is considered his best and is full of Freudian ideas

24. Neo-Classical/Romantic La Grande Odalisque La Grande Odalisque 1814 1814 Paris, France Paris, France Artist: Ingres Artist: Ingres Although he attempted a tribute to Titian’s classical Venus of Urbino, it seems Ingres produced a more mannerist style painting Although he attempted a tribute to Titian’s classical Venus of Urbino, it seems Ingres produced a more mannerist style painting Ingres was stunned when his work was deemed unclassical Ingres was stunned when his work was deemed unclassical Sensuality is part of this painting despite Ingres’ own protests to the contrary Sensuality is part of this painting despite Ingres’ own protests to the contrary Odalisque means harem girl Odalisque means harem girl

25. Romantic Odalisque 1845 – 1850 Paris, France Artist: Delacroix 31 years later the same themed painting looks dramatically different No more classical lines, sensuality is in your face

26. Odalisques

27. Francisco Goya y Lucientes The Maja Clothed c. 1800 Obvious influence from Titian – Goya made two of these as a sort of flip page book

28. Francisco Goya y Lucientes The Maja Nude c. 1800

29. Romantic Era The Haywain The Haywain 1821 1821 London, England London, England Artist: John Constable Artist: John Constable Famous for his romantic era landscape paintings Famous for his romantic era landscape paintings He sketched from nature but did the final work in his studio He sketched from nature but did the final work in his studio Paintings that celebrate rural life and its attachment ot the land Paintings that celebrate rural life and its attachment ot the land

30. Albert Bierstadt Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California 1868 American landscape painters also gained worldwide recognition at this time by painting live outdoors rather than in the studio

33. Romantic Era The Slave Ship 1840 London, England Artist: J.M.W. Turner Turner captures a moment that enraged him like that of Gericault’s Raft Here slaves were thrown overboard during an epidemic because the ship’s captain was insured for loss at sea not illness The colors suggest the violent act portrayed Men can be barely seen engulfed in the sea

36. Romantic Era American Lake Scene American Lake Scene 1844 1844 New York New York Artist: Thomas Cole Artist: Thomas Cole Famed for his realistic landscape works despite his own dislike of them Famed for his realistic landscape works despite his own dislike of them Paintings of solitude, even when figures are in work they are insignificant and small Paintings of solitude, even when figures are in work they are insignificant and small

37. Romantic Art Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone 1872 Yellowstone, Wyoming Artist: Thomas Moran Influenced by Turner’s use of light after a visit to England – see the Slave Ship Landscape paintings became so popular in America that they became mass produced changing the face of art forever

38. Romantic Art La Marseillaise La Marseillaise 1833 – 1836 1833 – 1836 Paris, France Paris, France Artist: Francois Rude Artist: Francois Rude Placed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris Placed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris The use of the arch and a winged female to depict victory were part of the classical ideal The use of the arch and a winged female to depict victory were part of the classical ideal The portrayal of emotion however, is romantic The portrayal of emotion however, is romantic Sculpture fell out of favor during the Romantic Era and not many works were produced Sculpture fell out of favor during the Romantic Era and not many works were produced

39. Romantic Art (Neo-Gothic) Houses of Parliament 1836 – 1860 London, England Artists: Charles Barry & Welby Northmore Pugin More similar to a Gothic cathedral than to a government office building Big Ben is the nickname of the clock tower

40. Romantic Art Opera Garnier Opera Garnier 1861 – 1874 1861 – 1874 Paris, France Paris, France Artist: Charles Garnier Artist: Charles Garnier A tribute to the classical world with much more color and vitality added A tribute to the classical world with much more color and vitality added Luxuriously ornamented in a Baroque manner Luxuriously ornamented in a Baroque manner

41. Opera Garnier

42. Romantic Art Europe: A Prophecy 1794 London, England Author: William Blake Blake’s idea of God (Urizen) is portrayed here on the 2 nd day of creation dividing the heavens and the earth with the compasses

43. Romantic Art Lord Byron in Albanian Costume Lord Byron in Albanian Costume 1814 1814 London, England London, England Artist: Thomas Philips Artist: Thomas Philips Philips captures Byron’s eccentricity and his good looks in this work Philips captures Byron’s eccentricity and his good looks in this work Famed for his travels and his poems, Byron often got involved in foreign affairs, actually dying while fighting the Turks for Greece’s freedom Famed for his travels and his poems, Byron often got involved in foreign affairs, actually dying while fighting the Turks for Greece’s freedom

44. Pre-Raphaelites

45. John Everett Millais Ophelia 1852 oil on canvas 2 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. Her clothes spread wide, And mermaidlike awhile they bore her up- Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes, As one incapable of her own distress.

46. Dante Gabriel Rossetti Proserpine ca. 1877 The master of the Pre-Raphaelites

47. Dante Gabriel Rossetti Beata Beatrix ca. 1863 oil on canvas 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 2 in.

48. Realism

50. Realism Art Characteristics Everyday people doing ordinary things is a main theme Everyday people doing ordinary things is a main theme Concentration on the world as it really is Concentration on the world as it really is The artistic attempt to recreate life as it is in the context of an artistic medium The artistic attempt to recreate life as it is in the context of an artistic medium

51. Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers 1849 Paris, France A master at taking common everyday scenes and turning them to art

52. Realism A Burial at Ornans A Burial at Ornans 1849 1849 Ornans, France Ornans, France Artist: Gustave Courbet Artist: Gustave Courbet After the Revolution of 1848, Courbet returned to his village where he painted scenes from everyday life of the working class After the Revolution of 1848, Courbet returned to his village where he painted scenes from everyday life of the working class When he returned to Paris and displayed his work the critics were ruthless because of both the subject matter and their disbelief that life was so hard for the working class When he returned to Paris and displayed his work the critics were ruthless because of both the subject matter and their disbelief that life was so hard for the working class The subject matter of his paintings was seen to be unworthy of so large a size (10 x 20 feet this one) The subject matter of his paintings was seen to be unworthy of so large a size (10 x 20 feet this one) Real life being portrayed was a reaction to Romanticism Real life being portrayed was a reaction to Romanticism

53. Jean-François Millet The Gleaners 1857 Paris, France Ordinary themes were attempted to catch moments much like photography was beginning to do

54. Realism Rue Transonian, April 15, 1834 1834 Paris, France Artist: Honore Daumier Artists began to portray the world as it actually is – in all of its horrors Sometimes, but not always, as realistically as possible This work shows a slaughtered family – to show repression of the troops of Louis-Philippe

55. Honoré Daumier The Third-Class Carriage ca. 1862 Paris, France Artists struggled to capture the despair of ordinary people during a time of chaos

56. Realism Plowing in the Nivernais: the Dressing of the Vines 1849 The Nivernais, France Artist: Rosa Bonheur She was the first truly successful painters of working class subjects She painted directly from nature and her subjects She dressed in men’s suits because she claimed women’s clothes interfered with her work

57. Rosa Bonheur The Horse Fair 1853-1855 Her details almost make this appear as a photograph

58. Realism The Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Artistic Life 1854 – 1855 Paris, France Artist: Courbet Also trashed by the critics, Courbet had to exhibit it on his own Courbet’s art focused on nudes and landscapes – which in this work make up the center of the painting The title evoked memories of the Revolution of 1848 - Ateliers were where it began

59. Jean-Léon Gérôme Police Verso 1872 oil on canvas 100.5 x 148.8 cm

61. Édouard Manet The Fifer 1866 Manet is considered by many to be a pre-Impressionist

62. Realism / Pre-Impressionism Luncheon on the Grass Luncheon on the Grass 1863 1863 Paris, France Paris, France Artist: Edouard Manet Artist: Edouard Manet Immediately deemed indecent as a woman is shown nude outdoors with 2 men (thought it was a real event) Immediately deemed indecent as a woman is shown nude outdoors with 2 men (thought it was a real event) Manet used models and painted this in his studio – not outdoors Manet used models and painted this in his studio – not outdoors He based this work on a painting by Raphael (Judgment of Paris) He based this work on a painting by Raphael (Judgment of Paris) Large brushstrokes remain visible – this was looked upon as sloppy work by his critics, yet it was intentional Large brushstrokes remain visible – this was looked upon as sloppy work by his critics, yet it was intentional

63. Realism / Pre-Impressionism Olympia 1863 Paris, France Artist: Manet Same model as from ‘Luncheon’ No attempt to create illusion of depth – flat lines on flat surface Viewer is entering the room and Olympia seems undisturbed by her nudity The cat arches its back and hisses at you

64. Realism Prisoners from the Front Prisoners from the Front 1866 1866 New York New York Artist: Winslow Homer Artist: Winslow Homer Homer is known as greatest American artist Homer is known as greatest American artist Factual accounts of life as it is (was) Factual accounts of life as it is (was) Confederate soldiers are shown surrendering to a Union general, yet the defiance of the pose shows us a nation at odds Confederate soldiers are shown surrendering to a Union general, yet the defiance of the pose shows us a nation at odds

65. Realism The Swimming Hole 1883 – 1885 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Artist: Thomas Eakins Fascinated by the new world of photography, Eakins tried to capture moments of motion frozen in time Eakins himself is one of the participants Motion of a single boy and an onlooker

66. Realism Maria Edgeworth Maria Edgeworth 1841 1841 London, England London, England Artist: William Beard Artist: William Beard An early daguerreotype from the first portrait studio in England An early daguerreotype from the first portrait studio in England Daguerreotype is named after the process invented by Louis J M Daguerre, it produced no negatives therefore the photograph was not reproducible Daguerreotype is named after the process invented by Louis J M Daguerre, it produced no negatives therefore the photograph was not reproducible

67. Realism On the Antietam Battlefield September 17, 1862 Sharpsburg, Maryland Artist: Matthew B Brady Brady was the best known Civil War photographer Camera allows one single vantage point, here it seems as if the fence and the bodies stretch on forever Brady also took several photos of Abraham Lincoln

68. Realism Annie G. Cantering Saddled 1887 Palo Alto, California Artist: Eadward Muybridge Sequence photograph showing horse in motion; a precursor to the motion picture

69. Eadweard Muybridge Walking and Throwing a Handkerchief 1884-85 Of course nudity appeared on film almost as soon as it was created

70. Realism Crystal Palace Crystal Palace 1851 1851 London, England London, England Artist: Joseph Paxton Artist: Joseph Paxton The building was the largest enclosed space ever created at the time it was built The building was the largest enclosed space ever created at the time it was built Built as an exhibition hall of new scientific advances Built as an exhibition hall of new scientific advances Paxton was a gardener by trade and the greenhouse like features are reminiscent of his career Paxton was a gardener by trade and the greenhouse like features are reminiscent of his career

71. Joseph Paxton Crystal Palace London, England 1850-1851

72. Eugène Durieu & Eugène Delacroix Draped Model (back view) ca. 1854 Still showing the influence of Titian’s original pose

73. Lewis Carroll Xie Kitchin reclining with parasol 1876 In Titian like pose – Carroll went on to write Alice in Wonderland

74. Realism Statue of Liberty 1875 – 1884 Paris, France – New York Artist: Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi Designed and built in parts in Paris and shipped to America where it was assembled in its completed form The frame was designed by Gustav Eiffel Symbol of freedom Liberty holds light of freedom high while under her feet she is breaking the chains of tyranny

75. The End... Next lecture... Impressionism and Post- Impressionism