1. Audio Illusions The brain is always trying to make sense of everything it gets. This includes sounds. When we hear sounds, the brain looks for patterns and groups sounds together in logical ways. –Filling in gaps, or continuing patterns.

2. Where Does it Come From The brain takes what it gets from the ears and finds slight times differences. These differences allow the brain to figure out which direction the sound came from. This can be confused by the brain making sense of sounds too.

3. Echolocation Humans can tell where sound comes from because it must travel slightly different lengths to reach each ear Bats use echolocation to find objects They make high-pitched sounds These bounce off objects The bat can hear the echo and makes a map in its mind of the objects That is how bats find insects in the dark! Sound takes longer to reach one ear than the other – our brain uses this to locate sound sources Bats makes sounds, these reflect off objects, the bat hears and finds object

4. Balance and Inner Ear Humans use the inner ear to keep their balance The inner ear has a fluid inside. If we tip, the fluid shifts and our brain knows we are not vertical anymore Then our brain corrects our position until we are standing up again We can make ourselves dizzy by spinning – then the fluid isn’t where it would normally be and our brain is confused! The inner ear uses fluid to tell the brain how to balance our body Shannon Miller very good at balancing!

5. The Human Lung The lungs are a place for your blood to receive oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide made by the cells in your body. When you breathe in, a muscle called the diaphragm contracts, allowing your lungs to fill with air. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands, pushing out the air in the lungs.

6. How Much Can Your Lungs Hold? Devices called spirometers are used to test lung capacity. Several different factors determine lung capacity: Larger volumesSmaller volumes malesfemales taller peopleshorter people non-smokerssmokers athletesnon-athletes people living at high altitudespeople living at low altitudes The average adult male has a total lung capacity of about 6 liters, or 10 20 oz. Coke bottles. Peter Reed, a British rower, has a the largest total lung capacity recorded of 11.68 liters, or 19.7 20 oz. Coke bottles!

7. Average Numbers for Children – Expiratory Flow One instrument measures peak expiratory flow, or how much air you can blow out at once. Predicted Average Peak Expiratory Flow of Normal Children and Adolescents Height FlowHeight FlowHeight FlowHeightFlow 43''14749''22755''30761''387 44''16050''24056''32062''400 45''17351''25457''33463''413 46''18752''26758''34764''427 47''20053''28059''36065''440 48''21454''29360''37366''454

8. Average Numbers for Children – Vital Capacity The other instrument measures normal vital capacity, or how much air your lungs can hold. Normal Vital Capacities for Boys 5-17 HeightCapacityHeightCapacityHeightCapacity 42''90849''156656''2240 43''100250''166057''2318 44''109651''175458''2412 45''119052''184859''2506 46''128453''1942 47''137854''2036 48''147255''2130 Normal Vital Capacities for Girls 5-17 HeightCapacityHeightCapacityHeightCapacity 42''86449''140356''1942 43''94150''148057''2019 44''101851''155758''2096 45''109552''163459''2173 46''117253''1711 47''124954''1788 48''132655''1865 Capacities are in mL