1. Biology 1 Worksheet I

2. Question #1 What does the first law of thermodynamics state? –Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed –No energy transformation is 100% efficient How is this law related to the efficiency of photosynthesis? –Photosynthesis is an energy transformation process that converts solar energy into chemical energy (food) –Photosynthesis is only 1- 2% efficient

3. Question #2 What does the second law of thermodynamics state? –Entropy increases Give a biological example of this law in action. –An increase in entropy is an increase in randomness or disorder. Decomposition is an example of an increase in entropy.

4. Question #3 Describe the difference between potenial energy and kinetic energy –Potential energy is Energy of ______________ Energy that is stored in ___________ –Kinetic energy is Energy of _________ Energy that is released when ________________ position chemical bonds motion chemical bonds are broken

5. Pyramid of Biomass The Sun Photosynthesis (P/S) Producers Consumers __________ ________ _ Levels 10,000 Pounds 1000 Pounds 100 Pounds Trophic Autotrophs Heterotrophs Question #4

6. Autotrophs - Producers Diatoms: Marine Phytoplankton Autotrophic organisms are photosynthetic Autotrophic organisms produce their own food using solar energy. They do not need to feed on other organisms Question #5

7. Primary Consumers - Heterotrophs Heterotrophs feed on other organisms. They include both herbivores (primary consumers) and carnivores (secondary consumers) Question #5

8. Secondary Consumers - Heterotrophs The mountain lion is a seconday consumer or carnivore. On a simple three trophic (feeding) level pyramid of biomass, the mountain lion is at the 3 rd trophic level. Question #5

9. Omnivores are both primary and secondary consumers Omnivores eat both plants and meat Coyotes, bears, bears and raccoons are omnivores Question #5

10. Question #6 Based on the information in the pyramid of biomass, would you feed a starving country rice and beans or steak and lamb chops? Why –Rice and beans –You can feed 10X more people on a vegetarian diet (people feeding as herbivores) 10,000 pounds of rice and beans can support 1,000 pounds of cows and sheep which can support 100 pounds of humans 10,000 pounds of rice an beans can support 1,000 pounds of humans (10X more!)

11. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –Blood Sugar = ___________ –Fruit Sugar = ___________ –Milk Monosaccharide = __________ Disaccharides –Sucrose = Glucose + __________ –Lactose = Glucose + __________ –Maltose = Glucose + __________ Polysaccharides –Starch = Storage form of glucose in __________ –Glycogen = Storage form of glucose in ________ –Cellulose = Plant__________________ Glucose Fructose Galactose Fructose Galactose Glucose Questions # 20 and #21 plants animals cell walls (the fiber in your diet)

12. Questions #22 and #24 Why is the shape of a protein important? –Protein shape determines _______________ What does the term denaturization mean? –To denature a protein is to _______________ –Proteins can be denatured by altering the _________________________ If an enzyme is denatured what would be the consequence? –The enzyme would not longer _______________ protein function alter its shape changing the pH or the temperature function

13. Question #25 Describe the relationship between enzymes, pH, and temperature. Use the terms protein, denature, shape, and function in your discussion. –Enzymes are specialized _________ –The shape of a protein determines its ______ –If you alter the pH or temperature of the enzyme you will ____________________ –If you denature the enzyme you will alter its _______ –This of you denature the enzyme it will not ________ proteins function denature it structure function

14. Question #26 If you were the head of the MSAC cross country team would you feed them a pasta dinner or prime rib the night before the race? –I would feed them a pasta dinner. Pasta is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy in the diet. –Prime rib is protein (meat). The role of protein it the diet is growth maintenance and repair.

15. Question #30 Amino acids contain an element that is not found in carbohydrates and lipids. What element is this?______ The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a _______ A chain of amino acids is called _______ The primary structure of a protein is its specific sequence of _______ nitrogen (N) peptide bond a protein or polypeptide amino acids

16. Duodenum (First Section) Jejunum (Middle Section) Ileum (Last Section) Small Intestine First Section Common passageway for food and air Pharynx Esophagus Liver Duodenum 1 2 3 4 Appendix 5 Gall bladder 6 Pancreas 7