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Principles of Ecology Chapter 2
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Ecology The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
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The Biosphere The portion of the planet in which life exists –Land –Water –Air –8 km above Earth’s surface –11 km below the surface of the ocean
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Living vs. Nonliving Abiotic Factors: nonliving factors –Examples? Biotic Factors: living factors –Examples? Ecology studies the interaction of biotic and abiotic.
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Levels of Organization Species – group of organisms that interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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Levels of Organization Population – group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area –Example: the alligator population of Greenfield Lake
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Levels of Organization Communities – groups of populations that live together in a defined area –Example: the Cape Fear River community
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Levels of Organization Ecosystem –Organisms and nonliving environment they inhabit
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Levels of Organization Biome – group of ecosystems with the same climate and similar communities.
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Niche: Organisms “occupation” (where it lives, its place in the food web etc.)Niche: Organisms “occupation” (where it lives, its place in the food web etc.)
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Ecological Methods Observing Experimenting Modeling
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Community Interactions 1.Competition: compete over resources 2.predation: one organism feeds on another 3.Symbiosis 3.Symbiosis: any relationship where 2 animals live closely together
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Types of Symbiosis 1.Mutualism: both species benefit Ex. Flowers & insects 2.Commensalism: one member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed ex. Barnacles 3. Parasitism: one organism lives on or in another and harms it. ex. tapeworms
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Where does the energy from your favorite foods ultimately come from?
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Energy Flow Producers (autotrophs): harness sunlight to produce food
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Energy Flow Chemoautotrophs: use energy from chemical compounds (in hydrothermal vents) to produce food
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Consumers (heterotrophs) –Herbivores – eat plants
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Heterotrophs (continued) –Carnivores – eat meat –Omnivores – eat both plants and animals –Detritivores (Decomposers) – eat dead remains (detritus)
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Energy Flow Food Chain –Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
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Energy Flow Food Web –The depiction of a network of feeding relationships
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Energy Flow Trophic Levels: Each step in a food chain –Producers make up the bottom level –Consumers make up the upper levels –Each level depends on the level below it
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Energy Levels Energy Pyramids: amount of energy contained in each trophic level –10% of the energy in one trophic level is transferred to the one above.
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Energy Flow Biomass Pyramid: amount of potential food available for each trophic level –Biomass: amount of living tissue Pyramid of Numbers: based on the numbers of individual organisms
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Cycles of Matter The water cycle: –All living things require water to survive –Precipitation, transpiration, evaporation etc
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Cycles of Matter The Carbon Cycle: –Carbon is the key ingredient of living tissue –Respiration, photosynthesis, feeding, erosion etc.
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Cycles of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle –Necessary for amino acids –Nitrogen fixing bacteria on roots “fix” atmospheric nitrogen to be used by plants. –Consumers get nitrogen by eating producers
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Limiting Nutrient When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient – controls the number of producers –Fertilizers
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