1. Oceanic Whitecaps: Good or Bad? Magdalena Anguelova Bridging the Gap October 21 - 22, 2000

2. Good or Bad for Remote Sensing n The role of whitecaps n The characteristics of whitecaps n Judging the whitecaps

3. Good or Bad for Remote Sensing n The role of whitecaps

4. Climate Changes

5. Consequences

6. n n...know past climate changes well. n n...predict future climate changes accurately. n n...understand present climate better. Climate Studies

7. Satellite Remote Sensing Parameters; Instruments; EM spectrum: VisIRmWUV

8. Ocean Color Winter 97/98 n Water color n Presence of organisms VisIRmWUV SeaWiFS

9. Aerosol Concentration n Atmospheric reflection n Presence of aerosols VisIRmWUV MODIS

10. Sea Surface Temperature n Thermal emission n Temperature changes VisIRmWUV AVHRR

11. Wind Speed n Thermal Emission n Roughness and foam VisIRmWUV SSM/I

12. Use of Data 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

13. Gross Features vs. Details n Understanding; n Experience.

14. Top of the atmosphere TsTs SRSR AUAU ADAD Ocean TsTs STST Instrument ST ST  SRSR + T s + AU+ AU + AD+ AD SUSU + SU+ SU Composite Signal

15. Good or Bad for Remote Sensing n The role of whitecaps n The characteristics of whitecaps n Judging the whitecaps

16. Good or Bad for Remote Sensing n The characteristics of whitecaps

17. Oceanic Whitecaps n White foamy patches on a windy day

18. The Foam n Air/water mixture; n n Dry and wet foam; n n Specific properties; n n Changing throughout VisIRmWUV

19. Whitecaps in the Visible n Bright and white! n Excellent reflectors! VisIRmWUV

20. Whitecaps in the Infrared n Reflectance decreases; n Some thermal emission; VisIRmWUV

21. Whitecaps in Microwave n Poor reflectors n Excellent emitters! VisIRmWUV

22. Whitecaps Signature High Reflectivity High Emissivity So-so VisIRmWUV

23. Good or Bad for Remote Sensing n The role of whitecaps n The characteristics of whitecaps n Judging the whitecaps

24. Good or Bad for Remote Sensing n Judging the whitecaps

25. Desired Signal SRSR + T s )+ AU+ AU + AD+ AD ST ST  SRSR + T s + AU+ AU + AD+ AD + SU+ SU SRSR + T s ) + SU+ SU + AD+ AD SRSR + SU )+ SU )+ AU+ AU + AD+ AD S T – ( SRSR + SU )+ SU )+ AU+ AU + AD+ AD S U  AU AU  Ts Ts  Ts Ts 

26. The Judgment Wind speed SST Aerosols Ocean Color

27. Conclusion n Whitecaps must be accounted for; n Know well their characteristics; Questions