3. An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. The smallest unit of an element is an atom.

4. A compound is any chemical that is made of two or more different elements.

5. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Examples: Water, Salt, and acids like sulfuric acid

6. Organic Compounds contain carbon and hydrogen and are usually associated with living things.

7. CHONPS: C H O N P S arbon ydrogen xygen itrogen hosphorus ulfur

8. Why? A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings. Life as we know it is carbon based. Carbon compounds in living things include: Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins Fats

9. Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (CHO) Function: Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Examples: Sugars and starches.

10. Proteins are large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. (CHONS) Proteins are made of smaller molecules called amino acids. Function: Build organelles, build body parts, helps with body defense. Examples: Hair, nails, enzymes.

11. Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time. They are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (CHO) Function: Store long term energy. Examples: Fats, oils, and waxes.

12. Nucleic Acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides. They are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. (CHONP) Function: Used to store genetic information. Examples: DNA and RNA

13. O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS Early chemists divided compounds into two types: organic and inorganic. Compounds from living things were called organic; compounds from the nonliving environment were called inorganic. Organic compounds are easily decomposed and could not be made in the lab. Inorganic compounds are very difficult to decompose, but are able to be synthesized.

14. M ODERN O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS Today organic compounds are commonly made in the lab and we find them all around us. Organic compounds are mainly made of C and H, sometimes with O, N, P, S, and trace amounts of other elements The main element that is the focus of organic chemistry is carbon.

15. C ARBON B ONDING Carbon atoms bond almost exclusively covalently. Compounds with ionic bonding C are generally inorganic. When C bonds, it forms four covalent bonds: 4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 1 triple + 1 single, etc. Carbon is unique in that it can form limitless chains of C atoms, both straight and branched, and rings of C atoms.

16. C ARBON B ONDING

17. H YDROCARBONS Organic compounds can be categorizing into types: hydrocarbons and functionalized hydrocarbons.

18. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons compose common fuels such as oil, gasoline, liquid propane gas, and natural gas. H YDROCARBONS

19. Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are called alkanes, while those containing double or triple bonds are alkenes and alkynes, respectively. Hydrocarbons consist of a base name and a suffix. alkane (-ane) alkene (-ene) alkyne (-yne) The base names for a number of hydrocarbons are listed here: 1 meth2 eth 3 prop 4 but 5 pent 6 hex 7 hept 8 oct 9 non 10 dec N AMING OF H YDROCARBONS Base name determined by number of C atoms Suffix determined by presence of multiple bonds

20. C OMMON H YDROCARBONS

21. F UNCTIONALIZED H YDROCARBONS The term functional group derives from the functionality or chemical character that a specific atom or group of atoms imparts to an organic compound. Even a carbon–carbon double or triple bond can justifiably be called a “functional group.” A group of organic compounds with the same functional group forms a family.

22. F UNCTIONALIZED H YDROCARBONS

23. F AMILIES IN O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS

24. O RGANIC N AMING R ULES AP Chemistry For complete Rules go to: http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/

25. O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS Consist of mainly four elements C arbon H ydrogen O xygen N itrogen

26. W HY D O W E N EED A S EPARATE S ET OF R ULES ? Examine some typical organic compounds CH 4 C2H6C2H6 Name these using typical covalent rules Carbon tetrahydride Dicarbon hexahydride

27. SO?SO? That wasn’t so bad, right? How about these: C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12 See my point? Tetracarbon decahydride Pentacarbon ??? hydride

28. I SOMERS If that’s not enough, how about this one: C H H C H H C H H C H H HH Formula? C 4 H 10 C H H C H HC H H CH H H H Formula? C 4 H 10 Different Structure Same Formula

29. O VERALL P ROBLEMS Memorizing too many prefixes for large numbers Different chemicals having the same formulas Keep in mind that thus far we’ve only dealt with TWO different elements!

30. S O WHAT TO DO ? Number of hydrogens is going to be the same, regardless of isomerism C H H C H H C H H C H H HHC H H C H H C H H C HH C H H HH C H H C HH C H H C HH C H H H H C H H C 5 H 12

31. S OLUTION Since number of hydrogens do not change with isomerism, why bother naming them? Name the molecule simply based on number of CARBONS We can always add prefixes or suffixes later for differentiation

32. N AME BASED ON NUMBER OF C ARBONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

33. D ID THAT R EALLY H ELP ? C H H C H H HHC H H HH Carbon tetrahydride becomes:Methane Dicarbon hexahydride becomes: Ethane C H H C H H C H H C H H HHC H H C H H C H H C H H CH 4 C2H6C2H6 Octacarbon ???hydride becomes: Octane C 8 H 18

34. B RANCHES Straight-chain alkanes (Just C & H with single bonds) are now easy C H H C H H C H H C H H HH C 4 H 10 Butane But how do we deal with branches? C H H C H HC H H CH H H H C 4 H 10 ????

35. R ULES PT. 2 Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbons Name it as normal Identify the branch Name it but give it a “–yl” suffix Put the names of all branches first, then put name of longest chain

36. E XAMPLE C H H C H HC H H CH H H H Longest unbranched chain of carbons is three long propane Branch is one long methyl Methyl Propane

37. P RACTICE C H H C H H C H HC H H H C H HH Methyl butane HHHHH C H C H CHC H C H H CHH C H HH Ethyl pentane

38. O NE M ORE P RACTICE CCC C C CCC C C It doesn’t matter which way you go! (Provided you correctly pick the longest unbranched chain) Methyl Butane

39. B E C AREFUL H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H C H H H Hexane This is your longest uninterrupted chain Methyl Methyl Hexane

40. A S MALL W RINKLE H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H Methyl Pentane These are different molecules, though!!!

41. S O N OW W HAT ? Since two different molecules can’t have the same name, we must differentiate If we look closely, though, the only difference between them is the position of the methyl group

42. P OSITIONING H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H Here the methyl group is on the second carbon from the end Here the methyl group is on the third carbon from the end Methyl Pentane So… 2-3-

43. R ULES PT. 3 Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbons Name it as normal Identify the branch Name it but give it a “–yl” suffix Put the names of all branches first, then put name of longest chain Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start numbering from the closest single end)

44. P RACTICE H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H C H H C H H H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H CC HH HH C H H 2-methyl heptane 4-methyl octane H CCCC HHH HHH H C H H H C H H H C H H 2-methyl hexane

45. M ULTIPLE B RANCHES So far we’ve only had one branch What happens when there are multple branches? Just add a prefix to indicate the number of a particular type of branch

46. P RACTICE H CCCCC HHH HHHH HH C H H H C H H C H H C H H H heptane methyl 2- 2-methyl, 2-methyl heptane Sounds redundant 2,2 dimethyl heptane

47. M ORE P RACTICE C H H H H CCCCC HHH HHHH HH CC HH HH C H H C H H H CCC C C HHH HHH HH C H H H H C H H C H H H C H H H 2, 6-dimethyl octane 3 ethyl-2,4- dimethyl pentane

48. I S YOUR ARM SORE YET ? Are you sick to death of writing all those carbons? Even worse, are you sick of writing all those Hydrogens? How about this…

49. S HORTHAND NOTATION C H H C H H C H H C H H HH Keep in mind that we have been ignoring the hydrogens for a long time. Our names have been based entirely on the positioning of the carbons. So lets now ignore the hydrogens completely!

50. I S IT THAT EASY ? H CCCCC HHHH HHHH HH C H H H C H H C H H C H H H H CCCCC HHH HHHH HH CC HH HH C H H C H H H

51. O NE M ORE CCC CC HH H HH H H H C H H H H C H H C H H H C H H H C H H Shorthand notation? Name ? 3-ethyl-2,4 dimethyl hexane

52. S O IS THAT IT ? Not even close!! There are literally millions of different organic compounds. What else can we do to make things more complicated?

53. R INGS Thus far we have dealt with chains that are straight or branched. If hydrocarbons are long enough, one end can wrap around and link up with itself! We call these cyclic hydrocarbons.

54. C YCLIC H YDROCARBONS Name the molecule as normal Add the prefix cyclo- to the front of the name of the longest chain Start numbering from the most “important” branch in the ring

55. E XAMPLES Cyclohexane Cyclooctane

56. M ORE E XAMPLES Methyl cyclopentane 1,2 dimethyl cyclohexane

57. T RY T HESE 1 ethyl, 3 methyl cyclobutane 3 methyl, 1 propyl cylclohexane

58. M ULTIPLE B ONDS So far, even with the cyclic structures we have dealt only with single bonds Carbon can make multiple bonds to another carbon This changes the name Why?

59. E XAMINE S TRUCTURES C H H C H H HH C2H6C2H6 Ethane- notice that each carbon has four bonds What will happen to the structure if we double bond the two carbons? C H C H HH C2H4C2H4 Each carbon still has four bonds BUT now the hydrogens have changed!!

60. N AMING MOLECULES WITH MULTIPLE BONDS Name the molecule as normal Change the suffix of the longest chain name Double bonds = ene Triple bonds = yne Use numbering and prefixes for positioning and multiple multiple bonds.

61. S O …. C H H C H H HHC H C H HH CCHH C2H6C2H6 C2H4C2H4 C2H2C2H2 ethan e ethen e ethyn e

62. P RACTICE CCCC HH HHH H H C H H H C H H 3 methyl-1- pentene H H CCCCC HHHH HHH H C H H C H H 2- heptene H H CC H H H C H C H H 1-butene

63. H OW ABOUT IN S HORTHAND ? Notice the two lines means the double bond is there! 2 pentene

64. P RACTICE ! Methyl propene 2,4-dimethyl-2- pentene 3-ethyl-2,4,4-trimethyl-1- pentene

65. T OUGH O NES 2 methyl 1,3 butadiene 1,2 dimethyl-1,4 cyclohexadiene

66. T RIPLES ? 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butyne 1,4 cyclohexadiyne

67. S O THAT ’ S IT, RIGHT ? Not even close, bud. All this….all this was just for two elements, carbon and hydrogen!! We haven’t even dealt with any of the others, yet.

68. W AIT !! D ON ’ T JUMP !! Get off that bridge. It’s not that bad provided we arrange things in an organized fashion!

69. F UNCTIONAL G ROUPS Nature has done us a favor. There are many common groups that we can organized or file into different categories. Then we can name them based on these categories.

70. F UNCTIONAL G ROUPS A group of atoms that, when added to a hydrocarbon chain, alter the chemical properties of the chain. Just a few different functional groups to know…

71. F UNCTIONAL G ROUPS Halogens Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I R-OH R-O-R R-COH R-CO-R R-COOH R-COO-R R-NH 2

72. H ALIDES Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides Simply name the molecule as normal but add the prefix Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, or Iodo as necessary

73. H ALIDES Cl 2, 3 dichlorohexane I I 3, 3 diiodo-1-pentene

74. A LCOHOLS R-OH Name like normal except add an –ol suffix

75. A LCOHOLS OH C H H C H H H 2 propanol ethanol 1cyclobutenol

76. E THERS R-O-R Name two “R” groups with –yl endings End name in ether

77. E THERS O Dimethyl ether O Ethyl methyl ether

78. A LDEHYDE R-COH This is a carbon to oxygen double bond with a hydrogen at the end. Name as normal except use a “-al” suffix

79. A LDEHYDES C H H C H H C H H CHH O butanal C H H C Cl C H H CH O C H H H 3,3 dichloropentanal

80. K ETONES R-CO-R This is a carbon to oxygen double bond but in the center of a hydrocarbon chain rather than the end Name as normal but give it a “-one” suffix

81. K ETONES propanone 2 hexanone C H H C H H CHH O C H H C H H C H H C O C H H HC H H H

82. C ARBOXYLIC A CIDS R-COOH or R-CO 2 H This is a carbon to oxygn double bond with the same carbon single-bonded to an OH group. Name as normal except give it the suffix “-anoic acid”. HC 2 H 3 O 2

83. C ARBOXYLIC A CIDS C H H C H H C H H CHOH O Butanoic acid C H H C H H FC O HO 3-Fluoropropanoic acid

84. E STERS R-COO-R This is a carbon to oxygen double bond with a carbon to oxygen single bonded to another single bonded carbon Name by given secondary branch “-yl” suffix and main branch “-anoate” suffix.

85. E STERS C H H C H H C H H C O C H H HC H H HO Secondary Branch Main Branch methyl pentanoate Methyl Pentanoate

86. E STERS C H H HC H H C O C H H O C H H H C H H C H H Butyl propanoate C H H HO H H C O C H H C C H H H C H H C H H Methyl hexanoate

87. A MINES R-NH 2 Name the “R” group or groups with “-yl” endings Add the word “amine”

88. A MINES C H H N H H H Methyl amine C H H N C H H H H H Dimethyl amine

89. S UMMARY Cl R Halide OH R Alcohol R RO Ether H RC Aldehyde O R RC Ketone O OH RC Carboxylic Acid O O RC Ester O R NH 2 R Amine

90. Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Halides Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines S UMMARY -“-ane” =“-ene” “-yne” R-X“-o” R-OH“-ol” R-O-R“-yl ether” R-COH“-al” R-CO-R“-one” R-COOH“-anoic acid” R-COO-R“-yl” “-anoate” R-NH 2 “-yl amine”

91. C AN Y OU D O T HIS ? YES! It takes: Memorization Practice And, oh yes… Practice!