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Chapter 4 Opener Members of the hominin family tree
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Figure 4.1 Plate tectonic processes
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Figure 4.2 Radiometric dating
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Table 4.1 (Part 1)
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Table 4.1 (Part 2)
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Table 4.1 (Part 3)
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Figure 4.3 Gradual evolution of shell shape in the foraminiferan Contusotruncana
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Figure 4.4 Changes in the mean values of characters in fossil sticklebacks, Gasterosteus doryssus
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Figure 4.4 Changes in the mean values of characters in fossil sticklebacks, Gasterosteus doryssus (Part 1)
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Figure 4.4 Changes in the mean values of characters in fossil sticklebacks, Gasterosteus doryssus (Part 2)
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Figure 4.5 A fossil can help confirm an evolutionary hypothesis
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Figure 4.6 (A) Lineage leading from stem sarcopterygian fishes to early tetrapods. (B) Articulated skeleton of Tiktaalik. (C) Pectoral fin, or forelimb of Tiktaalik.
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Figure 4.6 (A) Lineage leading from stem sarcopterygian fishes to early tetrapods
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Figure 4.6 (B) Articulated skeleton of Tiktaalik. (C) Pectoral fin, or forelimb, of Tiktaalik
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Figure 4.7 Skeletal features of (A) Archaeopteryx, (B) a modern bird, and (C) a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur
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Figure 4.7 Skeletal features of (A) Archaeopteryx, and (B) a modern bird
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Figure 4.7 Skeletal features of a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur
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Figure 4.8 Feathered dinosaurs
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Figure 4.9 Reconstruction of the plumage of two Jurassic four-winged dinosaurs
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Figure 4.10 Skulls of some stages in evolution from early synapsids to early mammals
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Figure 4.11 Reconstruction of stages in the evolution of cetaceans from terrestrial artiodactyl ancestors
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Figure 4.12 Estimated body weights and brain volumes of fossil hominins
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Figure 4.13 The approximate time spans of named hominin taxa in the fossil record
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Figure 4.14 (A) Ardipithecus ramidus as it may have appeared in life. (B) Skeletal remains of the Pliocene homonin Australopithecus afarensis
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Figure 4.15 Frontal and lateral reconstructions of skulls of a chimpanzee and some fossil hominins
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Figure 4.16 Correlations between clade rank and age rank
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Figure 4.16 Correlations between clade rank and age rank (Part 1)
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Figure 4.16 Correlations between clade rank and age rank (Part 2)
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Figure 4.17 Evolutionary trends in the horse family, Equidae
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Figure 4.17 Evolutionary trends in the horse family, Equidae (Part 1)
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Figure 4.17 Evolutionary trends in the horse family, Equidae (Part 2)
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Figure 4.18 A parallel trend
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Figure 4.19 Three models of evolution, as applied to a hypothetical set of fossils
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Figure 4.20 Phyletic gradualism: change in a molar of the grass-feeding vole Mimomys
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Figure 4.21 Examples in the fossil record that fit three models of evolution
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Figure 4.22 Punctuated equilibria: the phylogeny and temporal distribution of a lineage of bryozoans (Metrarabdotos)
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Figure 4.23 Measures of the rate of character evolution depend on the time interval
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