1. Chapter 10 Understanding and Managing Responses to Stress Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2.  Definition of stress  Stress responses and psychiatric disorders  The interface between stress and all health alterations Introduction 2 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3.  Walter Cannon  Fight-or-flight response  Body prepares for situation that individual perceives as threat to survival  New research indicates that men and women have different neural responses to stress Early Stress-Response Theories 3 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4.  Hans Selye  General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Three stages  Alarm or acute stress stage  Resistance or adaptation stage  Exhaustion stage Psychological reactions (Lazarus)  Distress  Eustress Early Stress-Response Theories (Cont.) 4 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5.  Serotonin synthesis more active  May impair serotonin receptor sites and brain’s ability to use serotonin Neurotransmitter Stress Responses 5 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6.  Interaction between nervous system and immune system during alarm phase of GAS  Negatively affects body’s ability to produce protective factors Immune Stress Responses 6 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7.  Stressors  Physical  Psychological  Perception  Individual temperament  Social support  Support groups  Culture  Spirituality and religious beliefs Mediators of the Stress Response 7 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8.  Measuring stress  Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes and Rahe, 1967, 1978, 1997) Measures level of positive and negative stressful life events over a 1-year period  Assessing coping styles Nursing Management of Stress Responses 8 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9.  A college student is experiencing stress in her life as she tries to manage her schoolwork, job responsibilities, and single parenting.  What attributes can this student develop to manage the stress? Case Study 9 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10.  Deep breathing exercises  Progressive muscle relaxation  Relaxation response  Meditation  Guided imagery Managing Stress Through Relaxation Techniques 10 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11.  Biofeedback  Physical exercise  Cognitive reframing  Journaling  Humor Managing Stress Through Relaxation Techniques (Cont.) 11 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12. 1.In general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which stage occurs first? A. Alarm B. Resistance C. Exhaustion Audience Response Questions 12 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13. 2.Which reaction to stress is healthy? A. Distress B. Eustress Audience Response Questions 13 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.