1. Lecture 2 6-9-2015 140 Microbiology Introduction 2

2. Scope of Microbiology: Microbiology has an impact on medicine, agriculture, food science, ecology, genetics, biochemistry, immunology, and many other fields.

3. Medical Microbiology: Deals with diseases of humans and animals; identify and how to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases. Agricultural Microbiology: Impact of microorganisms on agriculture; combat plant diseases that attack important food crops.

4. Food and Dairy Microbiology: Prevent microbial spoilage of food & transmission of food-borne diseases (e.g. salmonellosis); use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses, yogurts, pickles, beer, etc.

5. Industrial Microbiology: Using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols & other solvents, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, etc.

6. Genetic Engineering: Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones, antibiotics, vaccines and other products.

7. Taxonomy of microorganisms Taxonomic categories Life Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

8. Classification of microorganism The Domain system was developed by Dr. Woese. The basis of the Domain system is the rRNA sequence information.

9. 1. Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing peptidoglycan 2. Archaea Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan in cell wall This classification depends on dividing the living Organisms into 3 Domains (1978 Carl Woese)

10. 3. Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

11. Domain: Archaea Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Often live in extreme environments Not known to cause disease in humans or animals Had been considered bacteria until examination of their unique rRNA sequences.

12. - Includes: – Methanogens – Extreme halophiles – Extreme thermophiles

13. Size of microorganisms

14. To Study microorganism 1- Microscope, simple microscope, compound microscope, EM 2- Centrifugation 3- Filtration: Membrane filter, Chamberland filter, Berkefeld filter. 4- Staining: simple stain, complex stain

15. Microscope

17. صبغ الكائنات الدقيقة أنواع الصبغ Simple Stain Complex Stain التفريقي Differential Stain صبغ التراكيب الخاصة Special Stain صبغة جرام Gram Stain الصبغ المقاوم للأحماض Acid-Fast Stain  Crystal violet  Methylene Blue  Malachite green  Safranin  Capsule Stain  Endospore Stain (Schaeffer-Fulton endospore Stain)  Flagella Stain