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Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner Brian Kelley, M.A., LPC
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PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 4.1 The Doorway to Psychology
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3 4.1 The Doorway to Psychology - Sensation - Perception - Transduction - Psychophysics Gustav Fechner
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4 4.1 The Doorway to Psychology - Measuring thresholds boundary between two psychological states - Absolute threshold minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus - Just noticeable difference Weber’s Law (constant proportion)
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5 4.1 Sensory Adaptation - Sensory adaptation current conditions emphasize change
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PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 4.2 Vision: More Than Meets the Eye
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7 4.2 Vision - Visual acuity - Sensing light - Properties of light waves length amplitude purity
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8 4.2 The Human Eye - Cornea - Pupil - Light adaptation - Retina - Accommodation - Cones - Rods - Fovea
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9 4.2 The Human Eye - Blind spot - Receptive field - Lateral inhibition - Seeing in color additive color mixing subtractive color mixing - Trichromatic color representation - Color-opponent system
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10 4.2 Visual Pathway From Eye Through Brain
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11 4.2 Pathways - Visual streams - Ventral (below) stream across occipital lobe into lower levels of temporal lobes (shape and identity) - Dorsal (above) stream travels up from occipital lobe to parietal lobes (location and motion)
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12 4.2 Recognizing Objects by Sight - Visual-form agnosia - The importance of object recognition without it, all information would require effortful processing - Feature detectors modular view (specialized cells?) distributed representation (pattern of activity)
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13 4.2 Recognizing Objects by Sight - fMRI studies of the 1990s some brain regions do respond selectively to specific object categories - Perceptual constancy sensitive to change but notice the differences
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14 4.2 Principles of Perceptual Organization - Before object recognition can occur, grouping of images must occur - Gestalt perceptual grouping rules
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15 4.2 Principles of Perceptual Organization - Grouping involves visually separating an object from its surroundings - Separating “figure” from “ground” size edge assignment
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16 4.2 Theories of Object Recognition - Image-based template what if we’ve never seen it before? - Parts-based brain deconstructs image into parts
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17 4.2 Perceiving Depth and Size - Monocular cues to depth Linear perspective (a) Texture gradient (b) Interposition (c) Relative height in the image (d)
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18 4.2 Perceiving Depth and Size - Binocular depth cues binocular disparity having space between the eyes means that each eye registers a slightly different view of the world the difference in these views provides the brain with important and direct information about depth
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19 4.2 Motion-Based Depth Cues - Motion parallax - Optic flow
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20 4.2 Illusions of Depth and Size - Ames Room - Moon illusion
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21 4.2 Perceiving Motion - Waterfall effect - Phi phenomenon - Common fate - Apparent motion
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PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 4.3 Audition: More Than Meets the Ear
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23 4.3 Sensing Sound - Three physical dimensions of sound frequency amplitude complexity - These determine what we hear pitch loudness timbre
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24 4.3 The Human Ear
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25 4.3 Auditory Transduction - Cochlea - Basilar Membrane - Hair cells
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26 4.3 Perceiving Pitch - Area A1 - Normal range 20 - 16,000 Hz - Place code - Temporal code
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PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 4.4 The Body Senses: More Than Skin Deep
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28 4.4 Touch - Haptic perception – up close & personal! - Thermoreceptors - Neural representation of the body’s surface contralateral organization somatosensory representation (fingers vs. back)
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29 4.4 Pain - A-delta fibers (fast acting pain) - C fibers (longer lasting pain) - Referred pain - Gate-control theory periacqueductal gray bottom-up control top-down control
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30 4.4 Body Position, Movement, and Balance - Vestibular system semicircular canals
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PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 4.5 The Chemical Senses: Adding Flavor
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32 4.5 Smell - Only sense directly connected to forebrain - Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) glomerulus 350 different ORNs (humans) - Olfactory bulb - Pheromones
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33 4.5 Taste - Identifying things that are “bad” for you - Taste buds (5 different types) salt sour bitter sweet umami (savory) each contains several types of taste receptors (microvilli) that react with tastant molecules in food
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