2. Long Term and Short Term Causes for WWI

3. Goal of Today Today we will be looking at some of the long term and short term factors that lead to the start of World War I. Terms To Know –Militarism –Conscription –Triple Alliance –Triple Entente –Black Hand

4. Militarism Militarism- the glorification of war and the military. Countries began to increase military spending and by 1870 all major powers except Great Britain instituted conscription- the compulsory call up of civilians for military service and training.

5. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

6. Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships called Dreadnoughts. –When the British invented this type of battleship, Kaiser Wilhelm ordered the Germans to manufacturer it as well. This doubled the size of the German navy and challenged the British for supremacy. The British feared an attack on their Empire

7. The Naval 'War Cabinet' of 1912 General von Moltke [head of the army] said: I believe war is unavoidable; war the sooner the better. But we ought to do more to press to prepare the popularity of a war against Russia. The Kaiser supported this. Tirpitz [head of the navy] said that the navy would prefer to see the postponement of the great fight for one and a half years. From the Diary of Admiral Muller, 8 December 1912 Some historians say that this proves that Germany was wanting war in 1912, although others say that it records a general discussion of no great significance

8. Significant Individuals 1. Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army and navy Aggressive foreign policy Determined to make Germany a top nation. Distrusted by other powers “Germany must have its place in the sun” “The world belongs to the strong.”

9. Alliances Alliances- agreements or promises to defend and help another country. Triple AllianceTriple Entente GermanyBritain Austria-HungryFrance ItalyRussia - By 1907 the great powers had aligned themselves. This meant that any minor conflict could result in a major conflict involving most of Europe.

12. Imperialism

13. Colonial Rivalries : Africa in 1914

14. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

15. Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory. The British feared Germany in Africa. The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

16. Nationalism Nationalism- having pride in your country, willing to defend it.

17. Land of Hope and Glory, mother of the free... God who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet. The words of Land of Hope and Glory, written by the English composer Elgar and sung by British people at the Prom concerts every year. Germany, Germany above all, over everything in the world, When it steadfastly holds together, offensively and defensively. The words of the German national anthem, Deutschland uber Alles.

18. It made the races ruled by Austria-Hungary (such as the Serbs) want to be free to rule themselves. In the Balkans this was called ‘Panslavism’ because the people who wanted to be free were all Slav races. The most nationalistic of all were the Serbs – Serbia had became an independent country by the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, but in 1900 many Serbs were still ruled by Turkey and Austria- Hungary, and Serbia was determined to rule over them all. This led to rebellions and terrorism which destablized the Balkans. Panslavism

19. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

20. The Crisis: The Assassination 28 June 1914 Heir to Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo. Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria. Bosnia was a hotbed of Slav nationalism Seal of the Black Hand group

21. The Black Hand.. The main objective of the Black Hand was the creation, by means of violence, of a Greater Serbia. Its stated aim was: "To realize the national ideal, the unification of all Serbs. This organization prefers terrorist action to cultural activities; it will therefore remain secret."

22. “Black Hand” terrorists attack the Arch Duke When a bomb attempt failed in morning Gavrilo Princip, a member of the “Black Hand”, shoots Archduke and wife in the afternoon. Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists.

24. Austrians, supported by Germany, send Serbia a tough ultimatum. –In it Austria demands that all anti- Austrian propaganda was to be crushed. –Austria Hungry would have the right to fire any Serbian official. –Austria Hungry would run the investigation of the assassination. Serbia agrees to all but two terms of the ultimatum.--- Not good enough Russia mobilises her troops to support Serbia Germany demands that Russia stands her armies down. Germany declares war on Russia “Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …” Count Berchtold the Austrian Prime Minister.

25. Why did Britain get involved? Britain had Ententes with France and Russia. Only “friendly agreements” but French and Russians given impression Britain would fight. Sir Edward Grey British Foreign Secretary … “There’s some devilry going on in Berlin”

26. A Way To Remember The Reasons for WWI M. MILITARISM A. ALLIANCES I. IMPERIALISM N. NATIONALISM A.ASSISINATION