1. "It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts."- Sherlock Holmes, speaking in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's "Scandal in Bohemia" Induction, my dear Watson! Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons and is part of US Public Domain.Wikimedia Commons

2. Image of “Elephant and the Blind Men” removed due to copyright, but can be found at jainworld.com. jainworld.com

3. Map exercise

4. Thomas Kuhn Structure of Scientific Revolutions Blah version Spaced-out version Image from Amazon.com.Amazon.com Image from Wikipedia used under educational use rationale.educational use rationale

5. Paradigm shifts: A change in basic assumptions within the ruling framework of science. "A paradigm is what members of a scientific community, and they alone, share.” - Kuhn, 1997 The humanities do not have paradigms, in the sense of Kuhn. Image from Amazon.com.Amazon.com

6. Evolution of Science Normal Science Puzzle solving Emergence of Anomalies Crisis and Emergence of Scientific Theories Extraordinary Science and Scientific Revolutions Resolution to Revolution and Paradigm shift Image from Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

7. Karl Popper EarthlyCosmic Falsifiability What’s the deal with weird graphics about social scientist? Image from Wikipedia.Wikipedia Image removed due to copyright: Werner Horvath: Sir Charles Popper: Plato's Fall and the Falsification, oil on canvas painting. See cover pictures page.cover pictures page.

8. Vienna (Austria) in the 1920s Sigmund Freud Karl Popper Everybody likes this sex-stuff But, it isn’t science “Civilization and its Discontents” (1930) Image from Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons Image from Wikipedia.Wikipedia

9. Image from Wikipedia.Wikipedia And I like you even less when you are psychadelic. To counter this and other pseudo-sciences, Popper became strict and rigid in his definition of science. Science was about falsification of theory. Period. Period. Image removed due to copyright: Werner Horvath: Sir Charles Popper: Plato's Fall and the Falsification, oil on canvas painting. See myspace.com Austrian art photos.myspace.com Austrian art photos.

10. Image from Wikipedia used under educational use rationale.educational use rationale I don’t think falsifying experiences exist. First, no theory ever solves all the puzzles with which it is confronted at a given time. Second, it is the incompleteness and imperfection of the existing data-theory fit that define the puzzles that characterize normal science. Last, if any and every failure to fit were ground for theory rejection, all theories ought to be rejected at all times. Kuhn (in un-cosmic form)

11. This leads to a bit of a problem: Scientific theories often are not, in a strict sense, capable of being falsified. One cannot, in practice, isolate individual statements or hypotheses that form the foundation of a theory to test whether they are true or false. One can, however, use experiments, deductions, and/or predictions to test different, overlapping hypotheses. As scholar Pierre Duhem states it, ‘hypotheses are tested in bundles.' No image problems here Image removed due to copyright: Jim Henson’s Beaker and Bunsen running an experiment

12. 1950s: The bathymetry of the ocean floor. Marie Tharp Bruce Heezen Image from Earth Institute.Earth Institute Image removed due to copyright. 2001 image of Marie Tharp is available from Earth Institute.Earth Institute Image from Wikipedia used under educational reuse rationale. educational reuse rationale