2. AP Biology Lipids long term energy storage

3. AP Biology Lipids  Lipids are composed of C, H, O  long hydrocarbon chains (H-C)  “Family groups”  1) fats  2) phospholipids  3) steroids

4. AP Biology Fats  Structure:  glycerol (3C alcohol) + fatty acid  fatty acid = long HC “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group “head” dehydration synthesis H2OH2O enzyme

5. AP Biology Dehydration synthesis dehydration synthesis H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O enzyme

6. AP Biology Fats store energy  Long HC chain  polar or non-polar?  hydrophilic or hydrophobic?  Function:  energy storage  2x carbohydrates  cushion organs  insulates body  think whale blubber!

7. AP Biology Saturated fats  All C bonded to H  No C=C double bonds  long, straight chain  most animal fats  solid at room temp.  contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits

8. AP Biology Unsaturated fats  C=C double bonds in the fatty acids  plant & fish fats  vegetable oils  liquid at room temperature  the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together

9. AP Biology Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

10. AP Biology Synthetic (Hydrogenated) Fats  Adding H to unsaturated fats can make plant oils saturated, and therefore solid at room temperature.  BUT…some hydrogenation is only PARTIAL, leading to trans-fats.

11. AP Biology Phospholipids  Structure:  glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4  PO 4 = negatively charged

12. AP Biology Phospholipids  Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?  fatty acid tails =  PO 4 head =  split “personality” interaction with H 2 O is complex & very important! “repelled by water” “attracted to water” hydrophobic hydrophillic

13. AP Biology Phospholipids in water  Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H 2 O  Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H 2 O  can self-assemble into “bubbles”  bubble = “micelle”  can also form a phospholipid bilayer  early evolutionary stage of cell? bilayer water

14. AP Biology Why is this important?  Phospholipids create a barrier in water  define outside vs. inside  they make cell membranes!  “phospholipid bilayer” forms a barrier between cell and outside environment

15. AP Biology Steroids  Structure:  4 fused C rings + ??  different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings  examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol

16. AP Biology Cholesterol  (Helps keep membranes flexible)  But…high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease Important component of cell membrane

17. AP Biology From Cholesterol  Sex Hormones  What a big difference a few atoms can make!