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1. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 2. Kingdoms of the Grasslands 3. The Swahili Coast of East Africa 4. People of the Forest and Plains
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Political forms Vary Sometimes influenced by Christians and Muslims Different Religions Extreme cultural diversity
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Stateless societies were controlled by Kinship Institutions Lacked Authority Structures Incorporated more people Secret societies Important in social life, would limit ruler’s authority Weaknesses Delayed ability to respond to outside pressures, mobilize for war, undertake large building projects, create stability for long term trade.
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Bantu Migration Bantu Migration Expansion of Bantu over time video Expansion of Bantu over time video One Language base Animism- well developed ideas of good an evil Cosmology Ethical Code Lineage important in relation with god Deceased related to spiritual world
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Economies N Africa- integrated into the world economy Sub- Saharan- varying structures Present was iron work Both men and women were important in market life Little know about population, but it is known that by 1500 it may have been close to 30-60 million
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Part of Mediterranean Arrival of Islam Spain, by 711 (Indigenousness) Berber Almoravids Western Sahara Assist conversion Almohads opposing group Succeed Berbers, 12 th Century Equality of Believers, political unity, and religious world appealed to many leaders However social disparities continued between men and women
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Copts Egyptian Christians –rich independent tradition, but oppressed Byzantine Christians Welcome Muslims Spread to Nubia (Kush)- resisted Muslim incursion, until the 13 century Ethiopia Heirs to Axum- formed in the 13 th and 14 th century King Lalibela- built great rock churches
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Caravans Across Sahara Sahel (grassland) Transfer point Camels were unable to carry goods to humid forest zones such as the Sahel, until new states emerged like Ghana
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Rule Sacred- ruled from lineage Islam From 900’s Supports State Most important states Mali Songhay
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Malinke people from Ghana Strengthened by Islam Agriculture and gold trade economic base Sundiata (c. 1260) expansion and government based on CLAN structure Mansa (ruler) Expanded states
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Mansa Kankan Musa Pilgrimage to mecca Brings back Ishak al-Sahili Architect from Muslim Spain Beaten clay architecture
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Jenne, Timbuktu Thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay Residence scholars, craft specialist, foreign merchant, and developed what is current day SUDAN Mandinka Juula- Traders, not treason Merchants Farmers are the Majority Problems faced: poor soil, primitive technology, droughts, insect pests.
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Middle Niger Valley Independent by 700 Muslim by 1010 Capital at Gao Sunni Ali( 1464-1492) Expanded Territory Successor is ASKIA Defeated by Morocco, 1591 Hausa States, Northern Nigeria Kano Becomes Muslim leader
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Trading Ports Muslim influence Strong Rest of population will remain traditional
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Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate Zanzibar Madagascar Southeast Asian Immigrants Bring Bananas, coconuts Blending Culture (Current day melting pot) Bantu, Islamic Swahili Spreads along coast Trade with Asia
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Islam Unifies Along with Swahili Two Transition of World Population Prior to 18 th century little census taking was done, and it was thought that population grew slowly. Population before 1750 approx 500 Million At the Birth of the Industrial Revolution, there was an population explosion and continues to grow. 20 th century 5 Billion
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Artist and Kings: Yoruba and Benin Nok culture, 500 B.C.E. and 200 CE Nigerian Forests Agriculture, iron tools Hiatus, 200-1000 Yoruba Urbanized Agriculturalists Small city-states Divine King Lle-lfe Holy Notable portrait beads Edo Benin, 14 th Century Ewuare
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Bantu close to Cape Horn by 1200 Form States Katanga Luba Peoples Divine Kingship Hereditary Bureacurcay
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Kongo Along the Lower Congo, by the Late 15 th Century were large Agriculture society Weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, and carving Pronounced gender division of labor Women Farm, would run the household Men would clear forest, hunt and trade Mbanza Kongo Capital Federation of 8 States
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Shona Language group Zimbabwe (Stone Courts) By the 9 th Century Great Zimbabwe Mwene Mutapa Control of Gold Sources
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Spread of Islam Bring sub Saharan Africa into contact with other world regions Yet some trends develop outside of the region of the Greatest Muslim Influence Portuguese bring new contacts
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