2.  1. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities  2. Kingdoms of the Grasslands  3. The Swahili Coast of East Africa  4. People of the Forest and Plains

3.  Political forms Vary  Sometimes influenced by Christians and Muslims  Different Religions  Extreme cultural diversity

4.  Stateless societies were controlled by Kinship Institutions  Lacked Authority Structures  Incorporated more people  Secret societies  Important in social life, would limit ruler’s authority  Weaknesses  Delayed ability to respond to outside pressures, mobilize for war, undertake large building projects, create stability for long term trade.

5.  Bantu Migration Bantu Migration  Expansion of Bantu over time video Expansion of Bantu over time video  One Language base  Animism- well developed ideas of good an evil  Cosmology  Ethical Code  Lineage important in relation with god  Deceased related to spiritual world

6.  Economies  N Africa- integrated into the world economy  Sub- Saharan- varying structures  Present was iron work  Both men and women were important in market life  Little know about population, but it is known that by 1500 it may have been close to 30-60 million

7.  Part of Mediterranean  Arrival of Islam  Spain, by 711  (Indigenousness) Berber Almoravids  Western Sahara  Assist conversion  Almohads  opposing group  Succeed Berbers, 12 th Century  Equality of Believers, political unity, and religious world appealed to many leaders  However social disparities continued between men and women

8.  Copts  Egyptian Christians –rich independent tradition, but oppressed Byzantine Christians  Welcome Muslims  Spread to Nubia (Kush)- resisted Muslim incursion, until the 13 century  Ethiopia  Heirs to Axum- formed in the 13 th and 14 th century  King Lalibela- built great rock churches

9.  Caravans Across Sahara  Sahel (grassland)  Transfer point  Camels were unable to carry goods to humid forest zones such as the Sahel, until new states emerged like Ghana

10.  Rule Sacred- ruled from lineage  Islam  From 900’s  Supports State  Most important states  Mali  Songhay

12.  Malinke people from Ghana  Strengthened by Islam  Agriculture and gold trade  economic base  Sundiata (c. 1260)  expansion and government based on CLAN structure  Mansa (ruler)  Expanded states

13.  Mansa Kankan Musa  Pilgrimage to mecca  Brings back Ishak al-Sahili  Architect from Muslim Spain  Beaten clay architecture

14.  Jenne, Timbuktu  Thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay  Residence scholars, craft specialist, foreign merchant, and developed what is current day SUDAN  Mandinka Juula- Traders, not treason  Merchants  Farmers are the Majority  Problems faced: poor soil, primitive technology, droughts, insect pests.

15.  Middle Niger Valley  Independent by 700  Muslim by 1010  Capital at Gao  Sunni Ali( 1464-1492)  Expanded Territory  Successor is  ASKIA  Defeated by Morocco, 1591  Hausa States, Northern Nigeria  Kano Becomes Muslim leader

16.  Trading Ports  Muslim influence Strong  Rest of population will remain traditional

17.  Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate Zanzibar  Madagascar  Southeast Asian Immigrants  Bring Bananas, coconuts  Blending Culture  (Current day melting pot)  Bantu, Islamic  Swahili  Spreads along coast  Trade with Asia

18.  Islam Unifies  Along with Swahili  Two Transition of World Population  Prior to 18 th century little census taking was done, and it was thought that population grew slowly. Population before 1750 approx 500 Million  At the Birth of the Industrial Revolution, there was an population explosion and continues to grow. 20 th century 5 Billion

19.  Artist and Kings: Yoruba and Benin  Nok culture, 500 B.C.E. and 200 CE  Nigerian Forests  Agriculture, iron tools  Hiatus, 200-1000  Yoruba  Urbanized Agriculturalists  Small city-states  Divine King  Lle-lfe  Holy  Notable portrait beads  Edo  Benin, 14 th Century  Ewuare

20.  Bantu close to Cape Horn by 1200  Form States  Katanga  Luba Peoples  Divine Kingship  Hereditary Bureacurcay

21.  Kongo  Along the Lower Congo, by the Late 15 th Century were large Agriculture society  Weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, and carving  Pronounced gender division of labor  Women Farm, would run the household  Men would clear forest, hunt and trade  Mbanza Kongo  Capital  Federation of 8 States

22.  Shona Language group  Zimbabwe (Stone Courts)  By the 9 th Century  Great Zimbabwe  Mwene Mutapa  Control of Gold Sources

23.  Spread of Islam  Bring sub Saharan Africa into contact with other world regions  Yet some trends develop outside of the region of the Greatest Muslim Influence  Portuguese bring new contacts