1. Computer Science 1000 Spreadsheets III Permission to redistribute these slides is strictly prohibited without permission

2. References up until now, all values in cells depended only on the information in their formulas in other words, cell B6 was only affected by the data/formula entered into B6 this results in a few inefficiencies: data has to be repeated updating information in one cell requires manually updating all related cells

3. Consider our previous example: Note that all prices had to be repeated in this cell. Furthermore, if the price of socks changes, we have to update 4 different cells.

4. References a formula that refers to the information in another cell/range when the name of a cell or range is used as a formula (or in a formula), that name is replaced with its stored values as a result: data doesn’t have to be copied cells automatically update themselves when referred cell values change

5. Simple Cell Reference the simplest formula for a cell reference is the label of a cell remember: a cell label consists of its column, then row

6. Cell Reference this simple notion of cell references is very powerful consider our previously mentioned inefficiencies Note that to use the value 3 from the previous cell, we did not have to repeat that value in B1.

7. Cell Reference this simple notion of cell references is very powerful consider our previously mentioned inefficiencies Note that anytime we change A1, all cells that reference A1 automatically update.

8. Cell Reference – Automatic Updating note that the automatic updating feature cascades when B1 automatically updates, any cells referencing B1 will update as well

9. References as with numbers and text, cell references are typically not used as a standalone formula rather, they are used as part of another formula recall the max function shown earlier

10. Back to Previous Example update example to make use of references

11. Back to Previous Example update example to make use of references

12. Back to Previous Example update to make use of references

13. Cell References previous example shows how powerful references can be however, there is still a matter of user efficiency What would happen if there were 150 items purchased in the transaction?

14. Range References recall that a range is a reference to multiple cells many Excel functions allow a user to pass a range in place of multiple parameters e.g. the max function:

15. Cell References there is a function called sum, that works like max, but returns the sum of its input values, rather than the largest one use sum to compute Subtotal

16. Cell References let’s extend our receipt example to allow a quantity to be attached to each item we’ll rename Price to Cost

17. Cell References first, we’ll insert a couple of columns (Quantity, Price) the formulae should stay under the Price heading

18. Cell References the quantity column will be updated by the user, depending on how many items they buy

19. Cell References the Price column will be calculated from the Quantity and Cost

20. Cell References this formula should be repeated for each item

21. Copy and Fill the previous example works, but we see a similar user efficiency issue as before What would happen if there were 150 lines of items purchased in the transaction?

22. Copy and Fill fortunately, Excel (and others) allow two convenient methods to easily repeat a formula in multiple cells Copy Select the cell that you want to copy the formula from Indicate Copy (e.g. Ctrl+C) cell will indicate that it’s about to be copied via an animated highlight Select the cell(s) that you want to paste to can be a single cell, or a range Indicate Paste (e.g. Ctrl+V)

23. Ctrl+C Select New Range Ctrl+V

24. Copy and Fill Notice that the Excel modified each formula appropriately, to match the cell. This is due to relative references (explained later).

25. Copy and Fill Fill similar to copy, but doesn’t require clipboard Method: Select the cell that you want to copy the formula from Grab the Fill Handle on bottom right corner Drag around cells that you wish to copy into

26. Handle Drag Release