1. Subtractive Sound Synthesis

2. Subtractive Synthesis Involves subtracting frequency components from a complex tone to produce a desired sound Why is it not worth trying to subtract frequencies from a sine wave? A sine wave only contains one frequency

3. Subtractive Synthesis Unwanted frequencies are attenuated using filters The most basic subtractive synth needs at least one oscillator and one filter

4. Subtractive Synthesisers Subtractive synths provide: two or more oscillators a noise generator at least one filter at least one envelope an LFO a modulation matrix

5. Filters Used to attenuate spectral components Implemented using electronic components or a digital algorithm

6. Filter Types Low Pass Filters High Pass Filters Band Stop Filters Band Pass Filters

7. Low Pass Filter Amp. Cut-off frequency Frequency Lets through everything below a certain frequency

8. Filter Slope Ideal filters are like brick walls All real filters have slopes So some sound gets through beyond the cut- off

9. Filter Slope KHz dB 5008000 roll-off A low pass filter with a gentle slope of 6dB per octave.

10. High Pass Filter Amp. Cut-off frequency Frequency

11. Band Pass Filter Amp. Centre frequency Frequency

12. Band Stop Filter Amp. Centre frequency Frequency

13. Envelopes Determine how the value of a certain parameter of a sound changes over time Can be used to alter any parameter, e.g. pitch

14. Amplitude Envelopes How the amplitude varies over time affects the character of a sound significantly So most synthesisers have an amplitude envelope

15. time amplitude attackdecaysustainrelease

16. Amplitude Env. Parameters attack – occurs at the start of the wave and is the time it takes for the sound to reach peak amplitude decay – the time it takes for the peak amplitude to fall back (possibly to zero) sustain – the amplitude level the sound will fall back to following the initial decay release – the amount of time it takes for the sound to fall back (or decay) to zero after the sustain period (or after the key is released)

17. TS404 AMP ENV Subtractor AMP ENV

18. Modulation Modulation traditionally means to change the key of a piece of music With synths it means to alter a parameter (target) in accordance with another signal (source) Example targets: amplitude, pitch, cut-off

19. Modulation Example sources: envelope, LFO, velocity Alter the intensity of the modulation over time Slider often used to alter the max extent of the modulation (the intensity of the overall effect)

20. Hardwired Modulations The ESP allows the LFO to be applied to: frequency (pitch) of oscillators; or the cut-off frequency

21. L.F.O. Low Frequency Oscillator 0.1 – 20Hz Can be synched to the project tempo

22. LFOs

23. Modulation Matrix Target: parameter to be altered Source: signal that is used to alter target Slider: sets modulation intensity Via: varies modulation intensity by another parameter

24. The ES2 Modulation Matrix