1. R EFLECTION P RESENTATION ON D IVERGENT C ULTURES BUS430 Presented by Michihiro Kawano Sisi Li Cindy Wong Fiona Luo

2. I NTRODUCTION

3. A GENDA I. Reflections on “A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work” II. Reflections on “National Culture and the Values of Organizational Employees: A Dimensional Analysis Across 43 Nations" III. Industry Application

4. R EFLECTIONS ON “A T HEORY OF C ULTURAL V ALUES AND S OME I MPLICATIONS FOR W ORK ”

5. W ORK C ENTRALITY What work centrality means to managers (Schwartz, 199) Relationship: work centrality and employee work performance (Diefendorff et al., 2002) Relationship: job involvement and employee performance (Diefendorff et al., 2002)

6. S OCIETAL N ORMS ABOUT W ORKING & W ORK V ALUE OR G OALS Definition: societal norms Entitlement Obligation Definition: work values or goals Intrinsic, extrinsic, social, power Relationship: motivation and employee performance

7. M ATCH OF C ULTURAL P ATTERNS AND B EHAVIOUR Hierarchy and Mastery Power Behavior: pressure others, be ambitious Intellectual and Affective Autonomy Simulation and Self-Direction Behavior: watch thrillers, be critical Egalitarianism Universalism Behavior: be green, be equal Conservatism Tradition Behavior: be modest to one’s own achievement

8. R EFLECTIONS ON “N ATIONAL C ULTURE AND THE V ALUES OF O RGANIZATIONAL E MPLOYEES : A D IMENSIONAL A NALYSIS A CROSS 43 N ATIONS

9. L IMITATIONS Article 2 published 1996 Out of date Hofstede’s culture model replicated and expanded by GLOBE study Hofstede vs. GLOBE culture model

10. I MPACT OF I NDIVIDUALISM - C OLLECTIVISM Work hours Workloads Organizational Constraints

11. I NDIVIDUALISTIC C OUNTRIES As work hours increase: perceive workload increases job satisfaction decreases and employee turnover increases. Increased organizational constraints: Blame organization and colleagues

12. C OLLECTIVISTIC C OUNTRIES Comfortable when seeking other employees’ help Less likely to blame their organization Responsibility as a member of the organization to fulfill the demand

13. F ACTBOOK A PPLICATION Japan/USA Insurance Industry

15. Articles List Required Article 1 : A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. (Schwartz, 1999 ) Supporting Article 1 : Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance (Diefendorff et al., 2002) Supporting Article 2 : Values and behavior: strength and structure of relations. (Bard & Schwartz, 2003) Required Article 2 : National culture and the values of organizational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations. ( Smith, Dugan & Trompenaars, 1996 ) Supporting Article 1: Individualism-collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. (Brewer& Venaik, 2010) Supporting Article 2: Interpreting hofstede model and GLOBE model: Which way to go for cross-cultural research? (Shi & Wang, 2011) Supporting Article 3 : Individualism–collectivism as a moderator of the work demands–strains relationship: A cross-level and cross-national examination. (Yang et al., 2012)