1. Review of Plant and Animal Phyla

2. Bryophyta Short stature plants such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Non-vascular because no xylem or phloem No true leaves or roots (rhizoids instead) No flowers or seeds, but produce spores mossliverwort hornwort

3. Filicinophyta Includes ferns and horsetails Vascular plants; non-woody stems No flowers or seeds but produce spores fernhorsetail

4. Coniferophyta Includes cedar, juniper, fir, and pine trees Vascular plants that have woody stems and their leaves are in the form of needles or scales Most produce seed cones with scales juniper fir

5. Angiospermophyta Includes all plants which make flowers and have their seeds surrounded by fruit Vascular plants that have flowers (hold the reproductive organs) and fruit Produce seeds which are held in the fruit wheat apple tree orange tree

6. Porifera

7. Cnidaria

8. Platyhelminthes and Annelida

9. Mollusca

10. Arthropoda