1. Release 16/7/2009 Other Network Architecture Chapter 6 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

2. Chapter Objectives - I Explain token ring topology Explain token bus topology Differentiate between token ring, token bus and Ethernet Explain FDDI Describe signaling and connection standards Release 16/7/2009

3. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Chapter Objectives - II Understand ATM Explain AppleTalk Explain ARCNET Explain MAN systems, SMDS and DQDB Describe Ethernet alternatives Release 16/7/2009

4. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Recall 10Base-T is the most commonly used Ethernet standard, which provide transmission speed up to 10 Mbps. The 5-4-3 rule is designed for the number of repeaters and segments on shared access. High speed Ethernet standards are:  Fast Ethernet (100Base Ethernet)  Gigabit Ethernet  10-Gigabit Ethernet Release 16/7/2009

5. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Explain token ring using CBT Release 16/7/2009

6. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Ring - I Token Ring is a network architecture developed by IBM Also known as IEEE 802.5 Uses logical ring topology Multiple MAUs can be connected to extend the ring Release 16/7/2009

7. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Ring - II Data transfer is facilitated with the help of token passing mechanism Release 16/7/2009

8. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Ring - III Speed is either 4 or 16 Mbps Performance is significantly faster than Ethernet networks Uses physical star topology Hides logical ring inside a hub, known as Multistation Access Unit (MAU) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables are used connect nodes to the hub Release 16/7/2009

9. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Ring - IV Advantages:  Data collision does not occur  Every station is allowed to transmit data  Time required to carry the amount of data can be calculated  Minimum cable requirement Disadvantages:  System collapses if links between nodes are malfunctioning  No alternative link to transmit the data  Data transmission is through single direction  Performance degrades when junk data is transmitted Release 16/7/2009

10. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Ring Vs Ethernet Token RingEthernet Token Ring network uses token passing mechanism. Ethernet network use CSMA/CD mechanism. Physical star topology is used.Any topology can be used as physical topology. Defined by IEEE 802.5 standard.Defined by IEEE 802.3 standard. Devices in token ring may transmit only at specific time. Devices can transmit as soon as the medium is free. Support heavy network traffic and maintains the network performance. The performance of the Ethernet network degrades as network traffic increases. Token Ring network is deterministic.Ethernet network is not deterministic as token ring. Token ring network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 90%. Ethernet network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 40%. The network setup and maintenance of token ring is expensive than Ethernet. The cost of network equipment is lower for Ethernet. Release 16/7/2009

11. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Bus Defined by IEEE 802.4 Uses bus topology as physical topology Token passing mechanism is used for data transfer like token ring Token is passed over a virtual ring within network Release 16/7/2009

12. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Token Ring Vs Token Bus Token RingToken Bus Designed for offices.Designed for large factories. Star topology is used as physical topology.Bus topology is used as physical topology. A token is passed over the physical ring itself. A virtual ring is formed over which the token is passed. Defined by IEEE 802.5 standard.Defined by IEEE 802.4 standard In Token ring the maximum time that a token will take to reach the end station can be calculated. In Token Bus network the maximum time that a token will take to reach the end station cannot be calculated. Release 16/7/2009

13. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Explain fiber LAN and FDDI using CBT Release 16/7/2009

14. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Fiber LAN Uses different types of fiber optic cables for interconnection Types of Fast Ethernet standards which use fiber optic cables:  100BASE-FX – Uses two filaments of multi-mode optical fiber cable. Maximum cable length is 400m  100BASE-SX – Uses two filaments of multi-mode optical fiber cable. Maximum cable length is 300m  100BASE-BX – Uses single-mode fiber optic cable  FDDI – Supports 100 Mbps data rate over fiber optic cables Release 16/7/2009

15. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Provides high performance and multiple stations networking Widely used in Metropolitan Area network Based on token ring architecture Release 16/7/2009

16. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. FDDI – Network Model FDDI stations:  Single–Attached Station – Connected through a single connector called S-port  Dual–Attached Station – Connected through A-port and B-port FDDI concentrators:  Single–Attached Concentrator – Connected to the FDDI network through a single connector  Dual–Attached Concentrator – Connected to the FDDI network through A-port and B-port Release 16/7/2009

17. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. FDDI – Devices The connectors used in FDDI are unique Every FDDI device requires two connectors to support two rings Using fiber optic cabling, FDDI segments could reach up to two kilometers between systems, with a maximum ring size of 100 kilometers Release 16/7/2009

18. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. FDDI – Failure Recovery Wrapping Process – Modify the structure of the network to recover from failure  Recovers network connectivity on failure of FDDI station  Recovers network connectivity on failure of cables between any two FDDI stations Optical Bypass switch – Maintain the network connectivity by providing an optical connection that bypasses the failed station Release 16/7/2009

19. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) Version of FDDI Uses twisted-pair copper cable instead of fiber optic cable Supports 100 Mbps DTR and 100m segment length Official name - Twisted-Pair Physical Medium- Dependent (TP-PMD) Only two types of cables are supported by ANSI standard for CDDI:  150 Ohm STP  CAT5 UTP Release 16/7/2009

20. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Signaling and Connection Standards Ensure that equipments to be used for creating networks can work together Signaling Standards FDDIFOIRL 10Base - F Release 16/7/2009

21. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Case Study The accounts department of Money Maker Bank in Mumbai is integrated using FDDI technology. One of the computers have become non functional and a segment of cable has worn out. The computer needs to be isolated from the network and the connectivity of the network needs to be maintained. Release 16/7/2009

22. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Problem Unable to identify failure recovery method Release 16/7/2009

23. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Suggested Solution Use of optical bypass switches is needed to isolate the computer from the network. The cable fault can be rectified with wrapping. Release 16/7/2009

24. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Network protocol which converts the data traffic into stream of fixed size cell before transmission Designed to transfer data simultaneously from multiple sources Can be employed in both LAN and WAN environments Can provide a maximum data speed of 622 Mbps A high speed transfer technology for voice, video and data over public networks Release 16/7/2009

25. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. ATM – Protocol Reference Model ATM protocol reference model describes the functions of different types of layers and organizational units that act on data when it is transmitted using ATM technology. Release 16/7/2009

26. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. ATM – Performance Throughput – Rate at which ATM cells depart from the ATM switch Connection Blocking Probability – Defines the probability of Non-availability of enough resources for generating physical connections between inlet and outlet Cell Loss Probability – Defines a no. of data cell that can be handled by a switch queue Switching Delay – Time required for cell to pass through the ATM switch Cell Delay Variation – Probability that the switching delay of the ATM switch exceeds the certain value Release 16/7/2009

27. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. AppleTalk AppleTalk protocol suite was developed by Apple Computers for use on Macintosh computers Developed to allow the multiple users to share resources AppleTalk protocol suite is also compatible with Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI network architectures AppleTalk is an early implementation of distributed client-server networking system Release 16/7/2009

28. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. AppleTalk – Network Components Sockets – Location in AppleTalk node which is recognized by a unique address Nodes – Device which is a part of an AppleTalk network e.g. computer, printer or router Networks – Consists of a cable with multiple nodes connected to the cable Zones – Constitutes a group of nodes and network which are logically associated Release 16/7/2009

29. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. AppleTalk – Network Address AppleTalk uses addressing to identify and recognize every device on a network similar to other common protocols Address is broadcast to all other nodes to determine whether it has been already utilized Fields in AppleTalk network address:  Network number  Node number  Socket number Release 16/7/2009

30. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. LocalTalk LocalTalk is obsolete but its relation to Appletalk, a popular piece of networking software is found on every Apple brand computer Supported by AppleTalk network protocol for Macintosh computers Implemented at the data link-layer Uses network bus topology Cost effective solutionfor connecting local workgroups Allows 32 active nodes within 300m area Release 16/7/2009

31. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. ARCNET Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET) First LAN system introduced by Datapoint Corporation Uses a Token Passing bus structure similar to Token Ring 255 nodes per network and supports speed up to 20 Mbps Supports segment length up to 600 meters Still it is popular in robotics and industrial controls markets Release 16/7/2009

32. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. ARCNET – Devices Active Hub – Collection of 8 or 16 ports and use BNC female connectors for connecting devices. Isolates the port electrically Passive Hub – Splits signals and consists of 4 ports ARCNET Card - Different types of network interface card (NIC) can be used depending upon the type of network topology BNC Terminator – Prevent signal reflection in network Release 16/7/2009

33. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. ARCNET - Cables Coaxial Cable – Uses RG62 coaxial cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – Uses RJ11 or RJ45 connectors and maximum segment length is 400m Fiber Optic – Uses both SM and MM fibre cable Release 16/7/2009

34. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. MAN and show the diagrams of SMDS and DQDB from CBT MAN connects different LANs Cover large distances to function across city MAN Systems Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) Release 16/7/2009

35. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) High speed packet-switched MAN technology used for communication over public data networks (PDNs) SMDS is the first broadband service that was provided to the public Packets transferred are of variable length and contains the source and destination address Standard speed is 45 Mbps Uses a connectionless service and less expensive as compared to leased line Release 16/7/2009

36. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. SMDS Network Components Provide high-speed data transmission service Network Components Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Carrier Equipment Subscriber Network Interface (SNI) Release 16/7/2009

37. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. IEEE 802.6 Standard Mainly developed for MANs Uses the Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) network form DQDB is Data-link layer communication protocol Used for data, voice and video transmission based on cell switching technology DQDB can cover distance up to 30 miles and supports transfer rate ranging from 34 Mbps to 154 Mbps DQDB consists of two unidirectional buses Release 16/7/2009

38. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Alternatives to Ethernet Sometimes it is impossible to run Ethernet cabling so “no new wire” networking technologies can be used In alternatives to Ethernet two or more computers can be connected into a LAN without running a wire Three networking technologies are:  Wireless LANs  Phone line networks  Power line networks Release 16/7/2009

39. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Wireless LANs Wireless networks enable the user to move around the house and use the computer. Release 16/7/2009

40. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Phone Line Networks - I Phone line networks provide satisfactory performance at a much lower cost than wireless systems. Release 16/7/2009

41. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Phone Line Networks II Carries data at the rate of 1 or 10 Mbps Intel’s AnyPoint are used in this network Computers are interconnected through parallel port Release 16/7/2009

42. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Explain power line network using CBT Release 16/7/2009

43. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Power Line Networks Power Line Networks are attached to the PC through parallel port and by using existing wiring to carry networking data Use radio signals which are easily affected by interference Offer performance of 350 Kbps Release 16/7/2009

44. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Summary - I The network arrangement and data communication is given by logical topology Token ring and token bus are the two logical topologies A token passing mechanism is used in both token ring and token bus 100Base-FX, 100 Base SX and 100BaseBX and FDDI are types of fiber LAN Single-attached station (SAS) and Dual-attached station (DAS) are the different types of FDDI stations SAS is connected to the FDDI network through a single connector called S-port Release 16/7/2009

45. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Summary - II Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network protocol converts data into a stream of fixed size cell before transmission Apple Computers has designed a protocol suite known as AppleTalk The network components of AppleTalk are sockets, nodes, network and zones Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET), the first LAN system and supports up to 255 nodes The different types of devices used in ARCnet are, active hub, passive hub, ARCnet card and BNC terminator Release 16/7/2009

46. Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Summary - III The most prominently used type of cabling for ARCnet are, coaxial cables, UTP and fiber optic Point-to-point, distributed star, bus, daisy chain are the different topologies which are suitable for ARCnet MAN uses Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) systems SMDS is a connectionless, high speed packet-switched technology used for communication over public networks DQDB is a Data-link layer communication protocol IEEE 802.6 standard uses DQDB network form The Ethernet alternatives are, Wireless LANs, Phone line networks and Power line networks Release 16/7/2009