1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 34 The Biosphere: An introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments

2. Ecology  Organisms need each other for living. They are dependent on the other organisms and the environment  Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their environments. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Levels of interactions  Ecologists study environmental interactions at the levels of the –organism, –population, a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area, –community, an assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction, and –ecosystem, both the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. –biosphere, is all of the Earth that is inhabited by life. It extends from the atmosphere several kilometers above Earth to the depths of the oceans. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Nisch = bir türün bulunduğu çevrede biyotik ve abiyotik kaynakları kullanma şeklidir. HABITAT = populasyonların yaşam alanıdır. En iyi uyum gösterdikleri alandır.

5. Figure 34.1A

6. Figure 34.1B

7. Figure 34.1C

8. Figure 34.1D

9. Biosphere Ecosystem community Population Organism POPULASYON = Belirli bir bölgede belirli zaman diliminde yaşayan aynı türden bireylerin oluşturduğu topluluktur. KOMÜNİTE = Aynı alan içerisinde birbiriyle ilişkili tüm populasyonların oluşturduğu topluluktur. EKOSİSTEM = Belirli sınırlar içinde etkileşim halindeki tüm canlılar ve cansız çevrenin tamamıdır. BİYOSFER = Dünya üzerinde canlıların yaşadığı alanların tümüdür.

10.  Organisms can potentially be affected by many different variables, grouped into two major types. 1. Biotic factors include all of the organisms in an area, the living component of the environment. 2. Abiotic factors are the environment’s nonliving component, the physical and chemical factors. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 34.3 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere  Abiotic factors determine the biosphere’s structure and dynamics include –the energy source, usually solar energy, –temperature, –abundance and type of water, –nutrients, –other aquatic factors such as availability of oxygen, and –other terrestrial factors including wind and fire. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

13.  Climate often determines the distribution of communities.  The Earth’s global climate patterns are largely determined by –the input of solar energy and –the planet’s movement in space.  Most climatic variations are due to the uneven heating of Earth’s surface. Climate © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Figure 34.5A Low angle of incoming sunlight Sunlight strikes most directly Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere North Pole 60  N 30  N 30  S 60  S Tropic of Cancer 0  (equator) Tropic of Capricorn South Pole

15. Constant tilt of 23.5  Figure 34.5B June solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) March equinox (equator faces sun directly) December solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) September equinox

16. Figure 34.5C Descending dry air absorbs moisture Trade winds Ascending moist air releases moisture Trade winds Descending dry air absorbs moisture Temperate zone Tropics Doldrums 00 23.5  30  23.5  30 

17. Figure 34.5D Westerlies Trade winds Doldrums Trade winds Westerlies 60  N 30  N 30  S 60  S

18. Figure 34.5E Greenland Europe Africa North America Gulf Stream South America PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN

19.  Landforms can also affect local climate. For example, air temperature declines about 6°C with every 1,000-m increase in elevation.  Near mountains, rainfall is affected by –location of mountains, –prevailing winds, and –ocean current patterns. 34.5 Regional climate influences the distribution of terrestrial communities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Figure 34.5F Pacific Ocean Coast Range Wind direction Sierra Nevada Rain shadow Desert East

21. Figure 34.6A High tide Low tide Oarweed (to 2 m) Sea star (to 33 cm) Intertidal zone Continental shelf Brain coral (to 1.8 m) Sponges (1 cm  1 m) Phytoplankton Zooplankton Pelagic realm (open water) Man-of-war (to 50 m long) Blue shark (to 2 m) Sperm whale (10  20 m) Turtle (60  180 cm) Hatchet fish (2  60 cm) Gulper eel (to 180 cm) Angler fish (45 cm  2 m) Rat-tail fish (to 80 cm) Sea cucumber (to 40 cm) Tripod fish (to 30 cm) Octopus (to 10 m) Sea spider (1  90 cm) Glass sponge (to 1.8 m) Brittle star (to 60 cm) Benthic realm (seafloor from continental shelf to deep-sea bottom) Sea pen (to 45 cm) 200 m Photic zone “Twilight” Aphotic zone 1,000 m No light 6,000  10,000 m

22. Climate ( temperature, water amount, light)  Climate influences natural vegetation. It determines the type of plants and animals which can live in that area.  Deserts, rain forests, temperate and arctic regions.  Also some plants effect the climate of some area. In our Back sea region forest make this area wetter. The increase in rainfall, increases the humidity of that area.  Man also increases the temperature of the world (global warming.)

23. Oxygen  Oxygen determines the life in the ecosystem.  Organisms need oxygen for respiration. If the amount is insufficient, the organisms can die.  Depth of the water,  Height of the mountain  Pollution also effects the amount of available oxygen.  Also plants effect the oxygen amount of the system

24. Carbondioxide  Carbondioxide is important for plants for photosynthesis.  It effects the plants directly and animals indirectly.  Also we change the amount of carbondioxide by using fossil fuels.

25. Light  Plants directly need light for photosynthesis.  Light effects the rate of photosynthesis and indirectly it effects the animals.  Also plants determine the amount of light within the ecosystem. Huge trees make shadows for small plants. They can prevent small plants from taking direct sun light.  The plants that live in shade have large leaf surface than the ones that live in light.

26. Soil  It effects plants directly. Because plants need soil to take in minerals.  It is important for anchorage, water, minerals and air.  Also plants help formation of soil. Plant roots help rocks to breakdown easily.  And most of the minerals in the soil come from the decaying of dead organisms.

27. pH  pH shows the acidity. H ion concentration.  Organisms need to keep their body pH constant. If the pH increases in the outside, it effects the chemical reactions. For example: Acid rain Also Man increases the pH of the environment as a result of industry.

28. Water  Water is the major component of cells.  Animals that live in land try to decrease their water loss. They have furs,scales or protective layer (skin). Their respiratory organs are inside their body.  Plants that live in dry lands also try to decrease their water loss.They have small leaves with cuticle, the number of stoma is decreased and they are embedded in the deeper layers. Most of them have hairs in leaves.

29. There is a pathway of energy flow between environment and organisms. Primary consumer (prey) Secondary consumer (predator) Tertiary consumer Decomposers Page 200

30. ENERGY AND NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS  The major energy source of all living things is the sun.  Organisms are divided into 2 groups according to how they get energy.  1. Autotrophs: They can directly use sun light to get their energy. They synthesize their own food by photosynthesis. All green plants and some bacteria are autotrophs. They use CO2 and H2O and make organic molecule(carbohydrate). Autotrophs are also called as producers, because they produce organic molecules from inorganic compounds.  2. Heterotrophs: They can not synthesize their own food. They take their food from other autotrophs or heterotrophs. They use this food to get energy. Heterotrophs are called consumers.

31.  Autotrophs convert light energy into food(chemical energy),  Consumers use this chemical energy.  Decomposers help matter to recycle in the system.

32.  Heterotrophs are also classified according to their feeding habits.  Holozoic animals take in solid food.  Herbivores: only eat plants. Rabbits, cattle, elephants, sheep, horse are herbivores.  Carnivores: only eat animals. Lions, tigers, hawks, wolves, vultures are carnivores.  Omnivores: can eat animal and plants. Humans, bears and rats are omnivores.  Saprophytes: obtain energy from dead bodies of organisms. They are also called decomposers. Many bacteria, fungi are decomposers. They are very important in ecosystem for the recycling of the matter. With the help of the decomposers minerals recycled back in the system.

33. The permanent relationship between two different organisms for the purpose of feeding, shelter or protection is called symbiosis.  1. Mutualism: Both of the organisms benefit from each other. Lichens(algae and fungi live together), (N fixing bacteria and leguminosae plant)  number  of the  organisms  2. Commensalism: One organism benefits, the other one neither benefits nor is harmed. (shark and small fishes)  number  of the  organisms  3. Parasitism: One organism benefits, the other is harmed. (tapeworms, lice)  number  of the  organisms

34.  Climate and other abiotic factors of the environment control the global distribution of organisms.  The influence of these abiotic factors results in biomes, the major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water. Climate effects the biome distribution © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Figure 34.8 30  N Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn 30  S Equator Key Tropical forest Savanna Chaparral Desert Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Arctic tundra Polar ice High mountains (coniferous forest and alpine tundra)

36. 34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes  Ecological subdivisions such as biomes are linked by –nutrient cycles and –the water cycle. –Water in the form of precipitation and evaporation moves between the land, oceans, and atmosphere. –Over the oceans, evaporation exceeds precipitation. –Over the land, precipitation exceeds evaporation. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. 34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes  Human activities affect the global water cycle. –The destruction of tropical rain forests reduces the amount of water vapor in the air. –Pumping large amounts of groundwater to the surface for irrigation increases the rate of evaporation over land. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Figure 34.18 Solar heat Net movement of water vapor by wind Water vapor over the land Precipitation over the land Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation from the sea Water vapor over the sea Precipitation over the sea Oceans Flow of water from land to sea Surface water and groundwater

39. Figure 34.UN01 Organismal ecology (individual) Population ecology (group of individuals of a species) Community ecology (all organisms in a particular area) Ecosystem ecology (all organisms and abiotic factors)

40. Figure 34.UN03_1 34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator. 34.10 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees. 34.11 Deserts are defined by their dryness.

41. Figure 34.UN03_2 34.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral. 34.13 Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie. 34.14 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests.

42. Figure 34.UN03_3 34.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees. 34.16 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra. 34.17 Polar ice covers the land at high latitudes.

43. Figure 34.UN07 Mean annual temperature (  C) 15 0  15 100200300400 f. e. d. c.b. a. Mean annual precipitation (cm) 30