1. CISB 412 Social and Professional Issues Professional Ethics

2. Reference Materials used in this presentation are extracted mainly from the following texts, unless stated otherwise. Michael J. Quinn “Ethics for the Information Age”, 3 rd edition. Pearson 2009

3. Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson you should be able to Identify and describe the need for professional code of ethics Describe whistleblowing from the stance of organization and moral Apply the ethical principles based on the IT professional code of conducts to establish morality of the action

4. Introduction A profession is a vocation that requires a high level of education and practical experience in the field In return for the trust they are given, professionals have a special obligation to ensure their actions are for the good of those who depend on them Moral choices made by professionals have a strong impact on the society

5. Professional Associations/Societies Professional society is an organization promoting the welfare of the profession Professionals need to gain trust from the public on the competence and integrity, an affiliation to a professional society helps – Professional societies establish code of ethics for practice and also for moral decision makings in relation to the practice – They support their members and can also ensure that professional standards are up held

6. Professional Associations/Societies Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Australian Computer Society (ACS) British Computer Society Computer Society of India International Programmers Guild Singapore Computer Society (SCS)

7. Professional Associations Codes of Conduct Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Some examples: – Avoid harm to others. – Be fair and take action not to discriminate. – Honor property rights. – Give proper credit for intellectual property. – Respect the privacy of others. – Honor confidentiality.

8. Professional Associations Codes of Conduct Australian Computer Society Some examples: – Priorities: I must place the interests of the community above those of personal or sectional interests. – Professional Development: I must enhance my own professional development, and that of my colleagues, employees and students. – Priorities: I must endeavour to preserve the integrity and security of the information of others – IT Profession: I must not attempt to enhance my own reputation at the expense of another's reputation.

9. Professional Associations Codes of Conduct British Computer Society Some examples – In your professional role you shall have regard for the public health, safety and environment. – If in doubt over the appropriate course of action to take in particular circumstances you should seek the counsel of a peer or colleague.

10. Two largest organizations supporting the computing field are the IEEE computer society (IEEE-CS) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). In 1993, IEEE-CS and ACM set up a joint steering committee to explore the establishment of software engineering as a profession Software Engineering as a profession

11. Software engineers are those who contribute by direct participation or by teaching to the analysis, specification, design, development, certification, maintenance and testing of software systems Software Engineering as a profession

12. Software engineering = a profession Software engineers have opportunities to do good or do harm Software engineers ought to be committed to doing good Concern for the public interest is paramount Software Engineering as a profession

13. In 1999 IEEE-CS and ACM established ‘The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice’ The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

14. The Code contains 8 principles Related to the behaviour and decisions made by professionals software engineers including: – Practitioners – Educators – Managers – Supervisors – Policymakers – Trainees/Students The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

15. PRINCIPLE 1 – PUBLIC Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

16. PRINCIPLE 2 – CLIENT AND EMPLOYER Software engineers shall act in a manner that in the best interests of their clients and employer, consistent with the public interest The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

17. PRINCIPLE 3 – PRODUCT Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

18. PRINCIPLE 4 – JUDGEMENT Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgement The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

19. PRINCIPLE 5 – MANAGEMENT Software engineers shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

20. PRINCIPLE 6 – PROFESSION Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation consistent with the public interest The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

21. PRINCIPLE 7 – COLLEAGUES Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

22. PRINCIPLE 8 – SELF Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

23. Whistle Blowing What is whistle blowing? – It is when an employee decides to inform on illegal and/or unethical practices in the office. – A whistleblower is a person who believes that his or her organization is engaged in or willfully permits unethical, unlawful or otherwise reprehensible activities. – Whistleblowers bring attention to the objectionable activity and attempt to effect change.

24. Whistle Blowing – Whistleblowers generally report these actions internally and may ultimately resort to reporting the activities to external authorities or interested parties. – Although some whistleblowers are praised for their actions, many face many forms of direct and organizational retribution.

25. Morton Thiokol/NASA Challenger explosion Roger Boisjoly and Morton Thiokol engineers documented dangers of low-temperature launches Morton Thiokol executives and NASA officials overrode and hid concerns Boisjoly shared information with Presidential commission Morton Thiokol retaliated – Boisjoly took medical leave for stress, then quit – Found job as a consultant two years later

26. Hughes Aircraft Factory for military-grade hybrid chips Some defective chips being approved Ruth Goodearl reported incidents to upper management Consequences for Goodearl : assed – Fired – Unemployment – Bankruptcy – Divorce Goodearl sued Hughes Aircraft under False Claims Act and won

27. Motives of Whistleblowers People become whistleblowers for different reasons Morality of action may depend on motives Good motive – Desire to help the public Questionable motives – Retaliation – Avoiding punishment

28. Whistleblowing as Organizational Failure Whistleblowing harms organization – Bad publicity – Ruined careers – Erodes team spirit Whistleblowing harms whistleblower – Retaliation – Estrangement Organizations should improve communication

29. Whistleblowing as Moral Duty Richard DeGeorge’s questions for whistleblowing 1.Is serious harm to the public at stake? 2.Have you told your manager? 3.Have you tried every possible inside channel? 4.Do you have persuasive documented evidence? 5.Are you sure whistleblowing will work? Under what conditions must you blow the whistle? – DeGeorge: If all five conditions are met – Others: If conditions 1-3 are met – Still others: Whistleblowing is never morally required

30. Whistle Blowing - Situational Factors Other factors to consider : – Will the reporting result in a corrective action? – The current rank and position of the observer of the misconduct. – The availability of options in dealing with the misconduct (getting another job, written anonymous letters etc.) – The amount of investments that the observer has in the company. – The legal ramification that the observer has if he/she doesn't report the misconduct.

31. Questions?