1. Appointments and Functions of Various Constitutional and Extra Constitutional Bodies By Debarati Mukherjee Meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com ©All Copyright reserved By Debarati Mukherjee Meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com ©All Copyright reserved

2. Finance Commission The Constitution of the Finance Commission is laid down in Art.280. The Commission has to be constituted by the President, every 5 years. The commission must be constituted of 5 members. The Chairman must be a person having ‘experience in public affairs’. It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President. The Constitution of the Finance Commission is laid down in Art.280. The Commission has to be constituted by the President, every 5 years. The commission must be constituted of 5 members. The Chairman must be a person having ‘experience in public affairs’. It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

3. Functions of the Finance Commission A) the distribution between the Union and the States regarding tax. B) Regarding the principles governing the grant-in-aid of the revenues of the states out of the Consolidated Fund of India. C) The measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of India to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and Municipalities in the State. Article 280(3) enjoins the Finance Commission to make ‘recommendations’ to the President and it is the duty of the President (Art.281) is to lay the recommendations before each House of Parliament. But it is not binding upon the Government of India to accept it. The First Finance Commission was constituted in 1951 with Sri Neogy as the Chairman. The role of the Finance Commission becomes more important during National and Financial Emergency in India. A) the distribution between the Union and the States regarding tax. B) Regarding the principles governing the grant-in-aid of the revenues of the states out of the Consolidated Fund of India. C) The measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of India to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and Municipalities in the State. Article 280(3) enjoins the Finance Commission to make ‘recommendations’ to the President and it is the duty of the President (Art.281) is to lay the recommendations before each House of Parliament. But it is not binding upon the Government of India to accept it. The First Finance Commission was constituted in 1951 with Sri Neogy as the Chairman. The role of the Finance Commission becomes more important during National and Financial Emergency in India. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

4. Union Public Service Commission There shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union, for each State, a joint Public Service Commission for a group of states but it must be passed by the State Legislatures concerned ( Art.315) The appointment of the Chairman and members of the commission shall be made a) in case of the Union or a Joint Commission, by the President and b) in case of a State Commission by the Governor of the State. Half of the members of a Commission shall be persons who have held office under the Government of India or of a State for at least 10 years (Art.316) Removal can be made by the President only. Thus, even in the case of a State Commission, it is only the President who can make a reference to the Supreme Court and make an order of removal in pursuance of the report of the Supreme Court. The Governor has only the power to pass as interim order of suspension. The Public Service Commissions are advisory bodies. There shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union, for each State, a joint Public Service Commission for a group of states but it must be passed by the State Legislatures concerned ( Art.315) The appointment of the Chairman and members of the commission shall be made a) in case of the Union or a Joint Commission, by the President and b) in case of a State Commission by the Governor of the State. Half of the members of a Commission shall be persons who have held office under the Government of India or of a State for at least 10 years (Art.316) Removal can be made by the President only. Thus, even in the case of a State Commission, it is only the President who can make a reference to the Supreme Court and make an order of removal in pursuance of the report of the Supreme Court. The Governor has only the power to pass as interim order of suspension. The Public Service Commissions are advisory bodies. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

5. FunctionsFunctions The following are duties of the Union and State Public Service Commissions A) To conduct examination for appointments to the services of the Union and the services respectively. To present annual report to the President and the Governor (Art.323) These Commission must be consulted a) on all matters related to methods of recruitment to civil services and posts. B) on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in making promotions and transfers from one service to another. Regarding pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving under the Government of India or the State Government. The following are duties of the Union and State Public Service Commissions A) To conduct examination for appointments to the services of the Union and the services respectively. To present annual report to the President and the Governor (Art.323) These Commission must be consulted a) on all matters related to methods of recruitment to civil services and posts. B) on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in making promotions and transfers from one service to another. Regarding pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving under the Government of India or the State Government. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

6. Extra Constitutional Advisory Bodies Planning Commission is extra constitutional advisory body for Economic and Social Planning. The Union set up a Planning Commission in 1950, but without resorting to legislation. This extra constitutional and non statutory body was set up by a resolution (1950) of the Union Cabinet by Prime Minister Nehru with himself as its first Chairman to formulate an integrated Five Year plan for economic and social development. Defence and foreign affairs are out of its purview. It is also known as ‘the economic Cabinet of the country’ Planning Commission is extra constitutional advisory body for Economic and Social Planning. The Union set up a Planning Commission in 1950, but without resorting to legislation. This extra constitutional and non statutory body was set up by a resolution (1950) of the Union Cabinet by Prime Minister Nehru with himself as its first Chairman to formulate an integrated Five Year plan for economic and social development. Defence and foreign affairs are out of its purview. It is also known as ‘the economic Cabinet of the country’ meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

7. Formation and Functions of the Planning Commission The Prime Minister of India has been the Chairman of the Commission. He presided over the meetings of the Commission. The Commission has a Deputy Chairman and appointed by the Central Cabinet for a fixed tenure. He is not a member of cabinet. Some central ministers are also appointed. In any case, the Finance Minister and Planning Minister are the ex officio members of the commission. The commission also has a member secretary. It assesses material, capital and human resources of the country. It formulates plan for the most effective utilization of country’s resources To determine priorities and to define stages of over all development. The Prime Minister of India has been the Chairman of the Commission. He presided over the meetings of the Commission. The Commission has a Deputy Chairman and appointed by the Central Cabinet for a fixed tenure. He is not a member of cabinet. Some central ministers are also appointed. In any case, the Finance Minister and Planning Minister are the ex officio members of the commission. The commission also has a member secretary. It assesses material, capital and human resources of the country. It formulates plan for the most effective utilization of country’s resources To determine priorities and to define stages of over all development. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

8. QuestionsQuestions 1.Which one of the following statements are correct? A) Neither the Finance Commission nor the Planning Commission is a constitutional body. B) The scope of the Finance Commission is limited to a review of revenue segment of budget while review the Planning commission takes an overall review embracing both capital and revenue requirements of states. C)No can be a member of both the Commissions at the same time D) There is no overlapping of work. 1.Which one of the following statements are correct? A) Neither the Finance Commission nor the Planning Commission is a constitutional body. B) The scope of the Finance Commission is limited to a review of revenue segment of budget while review the Planning commission takes an overall review embracing both capital and revenue requirements of states. C)No can be a member of both the Commissions at the same time D) There is no overlapping of work. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

9. QuestionsQuestions 2.The jurisdiction of the Finance Commission does not extend to A)Recommendation of the principles which govern the Grants-in-Aid of the the revenues out of Consolidated Fund of India B) recommendation of the allocation of funds among the various heads of expenditure in the Union and State budgets C)recommendations of the allocation to the States of the respective shares of some tax proceeds D) recommendation of the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes. 3.Which of the following functions of the Minorities Commissions have been correctly listed? A) It can make recommendations for effective implementation and enforcement of safeguards and laws for Minorities. B)It undertakes review of the implementation of policies formulated by the Union and State Governments with regard to minorities C) It can look into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities. Codes A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 2 and 3. 2.The jurisdiction of the Finance Commission does not extend to A)Recommendation of the principles which govern the Grants-in-Aid of the the revenues out of Consolidated Fund of India B) recommendation of the allocation of funds among the various heads of expenditure in the Union and State budgets C)recommendations of the allocation to the States of the respective shares of some tax proceeds D) recommendation of the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes. 3.Which of the following functions of the Minorities Commissions have been correctly listed? A) It can make recommendations for effective implementation and enforcement of safeguards and laws for Minorities. B)It undertakes review of the implementation of policies formulated by the Union and State Governments with regard to minorities C) It can look into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities. Codes A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 2 and 3. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

10. QuestionsQuestions 4. If a new state of the Indian Union is to be created, which one of the following schedules of the Constitution must be amended? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fifth 5. With reference to Indian Polity, which one of the following statements is correct? a) Planning Commission is accountable institution b) President can make ordinance only when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session. c) The minimum age prescribed for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court is 40 years. d) National Development Council is constituted of Union Finance Minister and the Chief Ministers of all the States. 4. If a new state of the Indian Union is to be created, which one of the following schedules of the Constitution must be amended? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fifth 5. With reference to Indian Polity, which one of the following statements is correct? a) Planning Commission is accountable institution b) President can make ordinance only when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session. c) The minimum age prescribed for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court is 40 years. d) National Development Council is constituted of Union Finance Minister and the Chief Ministers of all the States. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

11. QuestionsQuestions 6.Which one of the following amendments to the Indian Constitution empowers the President to send back any matter for reconsideration by the Council of Minister? A) 39 th B) 40 th C) 42 nd D) 44 th 7.93 rd Constitutional Amendment deals with the A) continuation of reservation for backward classes in government employment B) free and compulsory education for all children be been the age of 6 and 14 years. C) Reservation of 30 percent posts for women in government recruitments. D) Allocation of more number of parliamentary seats for recently created States. 6.Which one of the following amendments to the Indian Constitution empowers the President to send back any matter for reconsideration by the Council of Minister? A) 39 th B) 40 th C) 42 nd D) 44 th 7.93 rd Constitutional Amendment deals with the A) continuation of reservation for backward classes in government employment B) free and compulsory education for all children be been the age of 6 and 14 years. C) Reservation of 30 percent posts for women in government recruitments. D) Allocation of more number of parliamentary seats for recently created States. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

12. National Developmental Council The council was formed in 1952 as an adjunct to the planning commission, to associate the States in the formulation of the plans. The functions of NDC are to 1) to review the working of the National Plan from time to time 2)to recommend measures for the achievements of the aims and targets set out in the National Plan. The council is composed of all members of the Union Cabinet, Chief Ministers of States, the Administrators of the Union Territories and the members of the Planning Commission. Another non-constitutional body, the National Integration Council was created in 1986, to deal with welfare measures for minorities on an all-India basis. The council was formed in 1952 as an adjunct to the planning commission, to associate the States in the formulation of the plans. The functions of NDC are to 1) to review the working of the National Plan from time to time 2)to recommend measures for the achievements of the aims and targets set out in the National Plan. The council is composed of all members of the Union Cabinet, Chief Ministers of States, the Administrators of the Union Territories and the members of the Planning Commission. Another non-constitutional body, the National Integration Council was created in 1986, to deal with welfare measures for minorities on an all-India basis. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

13. Constitutional Amendments In our Constitution, certain provisions of the Constitution were ‘not to be deemed to be amendment of the Constitution’. The result is that such provisions can be altered by the Union of Parliament only. By simple majority. Other Provisions of the Constitution can be changed only by the process of ‘amendment’ in Art.368. An amendment of the Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose of either House of Parliament and when the bill is passed by a Majority then it shall be presented to the President for his consent. There are certain amendments which must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States by resolutions, before the bill is presented to the President for assent (Art.368(2). In our Constitution, certain provisions of the Constitution were ‘not to be deemed to be amendment of the Constitution’. The result is that such provisions can be altered by the Union of Parliament only. By simple majority. Other Provisions of the Constitution can be changed only by the process of ‘amendment’ in Art.368. An amendment of the Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose of either House of Parliament and when the bill is passed by a Majority then it shall be presented to the President for his consent. There are certain amendments which must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States by resolutions, before the bill is presented to the President for assent (Art.368(2). In our Constituti on, certain provisions of the Constituti on were ‘not to be deemed to be amendme nt of the Constituti on’. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

14. Certain Provisions 1. The manner of the election of the President (Arts 54, 55). 2. Extent of the executive power of the Union and the States(Arts.73,162), Supreme Court and High Courts. 3. Distribution of legislative power between the Union and the States(Chap-1 of part XI) Any of the lists in the 7 th Schedule Representation of the States in Parliament ( Arts80- 81,4 th Schedule) Provisions of Art 368 itself. 1. The manner of the election of the President (Arts 54, 55). 2. Extent of the executive power of the Union and the States(Arts.73,162), Supreme Court and High Courts. 3. Distribution of legislative power between the Union and the States(Chap-1 of part XI) Any of the lists in the 7 th Schedule Representation of the States in Parliament ( Arts80- 81,4 th Schedule) Provisions of Art 368 itself. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

15. Features of Amendments We do not have separate body for amending the Constitutions. The State legislatures can not initiate any Bill or proposal for amendment. It has to be passed by Parliament only. No joint sitting for Constitution Amendment Bills. Art 368(2) provided that the problem of deadlock can be solved by special majority in both houses. President is bound to give assent to amendment Bills. It is the result of amendment of Art. 368 in 1971( 24 th amendments). We do not have separate body for amending the Constitutions. The State legislatures can not initiate any Bill or proposal for amendment. It has to be passed by Parliament only. No joint sitting for Constitution Amendment Bills. Art 368(2) provided that the problem of deadlock can be solved by special majority in both houses. President is bound to give assent to amendment Bills. It is the result of amendment of Art. 368 in 1971( 24 th amendments). meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

16. Is Part III un amendable? Until the case of Golak Nath, the Supreme Court had been holding that no part of our Constitution was unamendable. But in Golak Nath case, it said that the Fundamental Rights in Part III cannot by their virtue can not be amended. A new Constituent Assembly must be convened for amending this rights. Although Kesavananda case has overturned the majority view in Golak Nath that Fundamental Rights cannot be amended under Art. 368 The concept of ‘Basic Features’ of the Constitution of India had emerged in this context. Until the case of Golak Nath, the Supreme Court had been holding that no part of our Constitution was unamendable. But in Golak Nath case, it said that the Fundamental Rights in Part III cannot by their virtue can not be amended. A new Constituent Assembly must be convened for amending this rights. Although Kesavananda case has overturned the majority view in Golak Nath that Fundamental Rights cannot be amended under Art. 368 The concept of ‘Basic Features’ of the Constitution of India had emerged in this context. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

17. QuestionsQuestions 8.The Constitution (43 rd Amendment) Act A) ensured Press freedom B) restore the Supreme Court and High Courts the power to consider the constitutional validity of Central or State laws C) Prescribed serious limitations on the Government’s power to proclaim internal emergency D) removed the right to property from the Constitution. 9.The 42 nd Constitution Amendment Act added a Chapter on A) The Preamble of the Constitution B)the Fundamental Rights C)the Fundamental Duties D) all the above 8.The Constitution (43 rd Amendment) Act A) ensured Press freedom B) restore the Supreme Court and High Courts the power to consider the constitutional validity of Central or State laws C) Prescribed serious limitations on the Government’s power to proclaim internal emergency D) removed the right to property from the Constitution. 9.The 42 nd Constitution Amendment Act added a Chapter on A) The Preamble of the Constitution B)the Fundamental Rights C)the Fundamental Duties D) all the above meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

18. QuestionsQuestions 10. The Constitution (98 th Amendment) Act is related to : A) Empowering centre to levy and appropriate service tax B) the Constitution of the National Judicial Commission C) readjustment of electoral constituencies on the basis of the population Cencus 2001 D) the demarcation of new boundaries between states. 11.Under which one of the following Constitution Amendment Acts, four languages were added to the languages under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, there by raising their number to 22? A) 19 th Amendment Act B)91 st Amendment Act C) 92 nd Amendment Act D) 93 rd Amendment Act 10. The Constitution (98 th Amendment) Act is related to : A) Empowering centre to levy and appropriate service tax B) the Constitution of the National Judicial Commission C) readjustment of electoral constituencies on the basis of the population Cencus 2001 D) the demarcation of new boundaries between states. 11.Under which one of the following Constitution Amendment Acts, four languages were added to the languages under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, there by raising their number to 22? A) 19 th Amendment Act B)91 st Amendment Act C) 92 nd Amendment Act D) 93 rd Amendment Act meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

19. QuestionsQuestions 12. Which one among the following commission was set up in pursuance of a definite provision under an Article of the Constitution of India A) UGC B) National Human Rights Commission C) Election Commission D) Central Vigilance Commission 13. Which Schedule of the Constitution of India contains special provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled areas in several states? A) Third b) Fifth C) Seventh d) Ninth 12. Which one among the following commission was set up in pursuance of a definite provision under an Article of the Constitution of India A) UGC B) National Human Rights Commission C) Election Commission D) Central Vigilance Commission 13. Which Schedule of the Constitution of India contains special provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled areas in several states? A) Third b) Fifth C) Seventh d) Ninth meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

20. QuestionsQuestions 14. Which one of the following Constitutional Amendments states that the total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Minister shall not exceed fifteen percent of the total number of members of the House of the people? A) 90 th b) 91 st C) 92 nd D) 93 rd 14. Which one of the following Constitutional Amendments states that the total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Minister shall not exceed fifteen percent of the total number of members of the House of the people? A) 90 th b) 91 st C) 92 nd D) 93 rd meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

21. Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas The 5th Schedule of the Constitution deal with the administration and the control of Scheduled Areas as well as of the Scheduled Tribes in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective States. The governors of the States in which there are ‘Scheduled Areas’ have to send to report to the President. The Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are specified in the table appended to the 6 th Schedule(para 20) in the Constitution, which has gone several amendments. The 5th Schedule of the Constitution deal with the administration and the control of Scheduled Areas as well as of the Scheduled Tribes in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective States. The governors of the States in which there are ‘Scheduled Areas’ have to send to report to the President. The Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are specified in the table appended to the 6 th Schedule(para 20) in the Constitution, which has gone several amendments. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

22. Continued……Continued…… But since the creation of new states of Nagaland, the Table included 9 areas in four Parts Part-1-1.The North Kachar Hills District;2.The Karbi Anglong District Part-II-1. The Khasi Hills District;2.The Jaintia Hills District;3. The Garo Hills District PartIIA- Tripura Tribal Areas District Part-III-1. The Chakma District; The Mara District;The Lai District While the administration of Scheduled Areas in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram is dealt with Schedule 5 and the 6 th Schedule deals with tribal areas in above stated-states. The President may appoint commission at ay time Tribal areas are to be administered as autonomous districts. But since the creation of new states of Nagaland, the Table included 9 areas in four Parts Part-1-1.The North Kachar Hills District;2.The Karbi Anglong District Part-II-1. The Khasi Hills District;2.The Jaintia Hills District;3. The Garo Hills District PartIIA- Tripura Tribal Areas District Part-III-1. The Chakma District; The Mara District;The Lai District While the administration of Scheduled Areas in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram is dealt with Schedule 5 and the 6 th Schedule deals with tribal areas in above stated-states. The President may appoint commission at ay time Tribal areas are to be administered as autonomous districts. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

23. Administration of Union Territories The list of Union Territories included the the C states of Delhi; Himachal Pradesh; Manipur; and Tripura. Since some of the erstwhile Union Territories ( Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh have been lifted up into the category of ‘States’. To these were included the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands. Under the original Constitution, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were included in Part D of the original Constitution. The States Reorganisation Act and the Constitution (7 th Amendment) Act, 1956 abolished the Part D of the 1 st Schedule and constituted it a separate Union Territory. The list of Union Territories included the the C states of Delhi; Himachal Pradesh; Manipur; and Tripura. Since some of the erstwhile Union Territories ( Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh have been lifted up into the category of ‘States’. To these were included the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands. Under the original Constitution, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were included in Part D of the original Constitution. The States Reorganisation Act and the Constitution (7 th Amendment) Act, 1956 abolished the Part D of the 1 st Schedule and constituted it a separate Union Territory. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

24. Contd…..Contd….. Article 239(1)President is the administrator of these areas. The President may appoint the Governor as the administrator. Parliament can create the legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for the territories. Parliament has exclusive legislative Power over a Union Territory including the matters which are included in the state list. Article 239(1)President is the administrator of these areas. The President may appoint the Governor as the administrator. Parliament can create the legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for the territories. Parliament has exclusive legislative Power over a Union Territory including the matters which are included in the state list. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

25. List of 7 Union Territories 1) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2) Chandigarh 3) Dadar and Nagar Haveli 4)Daman and Diu 5)National Capital Territory of Delhi 6) Lakshadweep 7) Puducherry 1) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2) Chandigarh 3) Dadar and Nagar Haveli 4)Daman and Diu 5)National Capital Territory of Delhi 6) Lakshadweep 7) Puducherry meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

26. QuestionsQuestions 15. Which Article of the Constitution provides that it shall be the endeavour of every state to provide facility for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education? A) Article 349 b) Article 350 C) Article 350 –A d) Art.351 16. Which one of the following statements correctly describes the Forth Schedule of the Constitution of India ? A) It lists the distribution of powers between the Union and the States B) It contains the languages listed in the Constitution C) It allocates seats in the Council of States 15. Which Article of the Constitution provides that it shall be the endeavour of every state to provide facility for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education? A) Article 349 b) Article 350 C) Article 350 –A d) Art.351 16. Which one of the following statements correctly describes the Forth Schedule of the Constitution of India ? A) It lists the distribution of powers between the Union and the States B) It contains the languages listed in the Constitution C) It allocates seats in the Council of States meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

27. QuestionsQuestions 17. Sindhi was added to the list of official languages in the Eighth Schedule by: A) 31 st amendment B)25 th amendment C) 23 rd amendment D) None of the above, it is not included. 17. Sindhi was added to the list of official languages in the Eighth Schedule by: A) 31 st amendment B)25 th amendment C) 23 rd amendment D) None of the above, it is not included. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

28. Minorities and Backward Commission In Indian Constitution there have been provisions for protection of minorities. Religious and Cultural Freedom No discrimination in State Educational Institutions. Right to establish educational institutions of their choice A Commission for backward classes was appointed in 1953. In Indian Constitution there have been provisions for protection of minorities. Religious and Cultural Freedom No discrimination in State Educational Institutions. Right to establish educational institutions of their choice A Commission for backward classes was appointed in 1953. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com