1. Colorama: Architectural Support for Data-Centric Synchronization Luis Ceze, Pablo Montesinos, Christoph von Praun, and Josep Torrellas, HPCA 2007 Shimin Chen LBA Reading Group Presentation

2. Motivation Synchronization is a challenging step in parallel programming Transactional Memory helpful but still complicated Programmers have to reason non-locally Code-centric approach Data-Centric Synchronization (DSC) desirable Associate synchronization constraints with data structures Which data items should be in the same critical section System automatically inserts sync operations into code Reason locally

3. What’s New? Existing DCS proposal are SW-only (S-DCS) Cannot handle C/C++ pointer aliasing Unrealistic New proposal: hardware DCS (H-DCS) Colorama HW primitives to start and exit critical sections Independent of the underlying sync mechanisms

4. Outline Introduction Data-Centric Synchronization (DCS) Architectures of Colorama Programming with Colorama Evaluation Conclusion

5. Data-Centric Synchronization (DCS) Data consistency domain Two threads cannot access the same domain at the same time For example: X, and Y are in the same domain If a thread is accessing X, no other threads can access X & Y System needs to automatically infer entry and exit points of critical sections: Entry: access to data in a domain Exit: define a simple, clear exit policy and let programmers write code to conform to this policy

6. Software DCS (S-DCS) Vaziri et al’s Atomic Sets Compiler and language extensions to Java Data consistency domain: atomic set, subset of fields of a Java class Entry point: compiler analysis Exit policy: insert exit point In the same method as the entry point and Right before method return

7. Colorama: Hardware DCS Data consistency domain: color Data item belongs to a domain: colored Entry point: detected by HW Exit policy: driven by compiler Examples:

8. Examples Cont’d

9. Outline Introduction Data-Centric Synchronization (DCS) Architectures of Colorama Programming with Colorama Evaluation Conclusion

10. Structures Overview Every colored data item has an entry in Palette (details next) Per-thread: all 3 structures have the same number of entries Owned color array: current critical sections CAB, CRB: used for exit policy

11. Palette Palette based on Mondrian Memory Protection system (Witchel et al. ASPLOS’02) – the white part Extend with color ID (the gray part) SW managed HW

12. Entry Point HW monitors each load and store Check cached Palette for the mem op Check owned colors array Trigger a user-level SW handler if accessing a colored region not owned Handler for entry point: Add color ID into owned colors array Start critical section (e.g. begin transaction)

13. Exit Policy Exit a critical section when the thread returns from the subroutine where the critical section was entered

14. Implementing Exit Policy Color acquire bitmap register (CAB) and color release bitmap register (CRB) CAB automatically set by HW at entry points Compiler generates the following code: Subroutine prologue: Push CAB CAB  0 Subroutine epilogue: CRB  CAB Pop CAB Upon write to CRB: HW triggers user-level handler Handler: remove Color ID from owned color array, exit critical section

15. Handling Pointers as Subroutine Arguments Perform multiple operations on a structure together Propose “colorcheck” instruction

16. Using Locks as Sync Mechanisms Colorama can also use locks Two potential problems: Longer critical section thus maybe more contention May deadlock See evaluations

17. Outline Introduction Data-Centric Synchronization (DCS) Architectures of Colorama Programming with Colorama Evaluation Conclusion

18. Correctness Critical sections of the same color are serialized Correctly colored programs  data-race free Possible programming errors: Fail to color shared data structures Use different colors to data that should be protected together

19. Compatibility Issues Legacy libraries that do not use Colorama OK if they explicitly protect lib data using locks, etc. Colorama protects application data outside of lib Cases requires extensions to Colorama Worker thread executes an infinite loop that processes incoming request Needs to release lock, wait, acquire lock in the same loop Colorama extensions: getcolorid etc.

20. Complete API

21. Outline Introduction Data-Centric Synchronization (DCS) Architectures of Colorama Programming with Colorama Evaluation Conclusion

22. Setup Evaluation is based on analyzing applications by using a Pin-based tool

23. Is the Exit Policy Suitable? Matched: lock acquire & release in same subroutine Almost all dynamic and 95% static critical sections Answer: Yes

24. Critical Section Size Increase

25. How often multiple independent critical sections are in the same subroutine? Potential deadlocks 1% dynamic and 4% static Detailed analysis shows that the resulting lock order always same, thus no deadlocks

26. Structure Sizes # palette rows: # of allocated regions + # of static data objects # of colors: # lock addr # of Owned Colors Array entries: max # of active locks held by a thread

27. Colorama Instruction Overheads Per-routine: Prologue & epilogue: 6 insn/routine 1 colorcheck insn per pointer argument Estimate 7 insn/routine On avg, 1.6 routines per 100 dynamic insns: so ~11% insns Entry and exit handlers: low freq of critical section enry and exit, so low overhead Coloring overheads ~ memory allocation calls # of insns between allocations: firefox, gaim, gftp – 2-4K Memory allocators can keep pools of colored memory (??)

28. Memory Overhead MMP: Mondrian Memory Protection Palette adds 1-2.5% more space over app footprint

29. Conclusions Colorama: Hardware Data-Centric Synchronization HW support for entry and exit points Evaluation suggests: Exit policy is suitable Low impact on critical section lengths Modest additional overhead over MMP This paper does not even do simulation!

30. Related Work monitors