1. Evolution The change in life forms over time http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

2. Natural Selection Lab

3. Generation 1 Individuals Color Trait

4. Generation 2 Individuals Color Trait

5. Generation 3 Individuals Color Trait

6. Generation 4 Individuals Color Trait

7. Variations Among Individuals

8. Struggle for Survival

9. Survival of Fittest Must Survive Eaten by predators

10. Fittest Pass Their Traits to Their Offspring

11. Industrial Melanism Shift in phenotype frequencies Light colored moths were reduced and dark color became predominant Birds preyed on the light colored moths

12. Peppered moths on tree trunk Natural selection – the peppered moth

13. Dark coloured peppered moth Natural selection – the peppered moth

14. Pale coloured, speckled peppered moth Natural selection – the peppered moth

15. Five Tenets of Evolution by Natural Selection Variations among individuals, Large numbers of offspring, Struggle for survival, Survival of fittest must reproduce Fittest pass on their traits to their offspring SOOO What are traits??????

16. Population- group of organisms of the SAME species; and occupies certain area at the same time Species- organisms that can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring What is a Species? A group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations (isolated from other groups) Gene flow can occur between populations of the same species

17. CO 13 Chap 13 DNA

18. Nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) NUCLEOTIDES (found in nuclein) Contain a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

19. Nucleic Acid Structure

20. DNA: THE DOUBLE HELIX Steps of ladder are bases (A, T, G, C) Sides of ladder are sugar & phosphate Both sides held together by hydrogen bonds

21. Some interesting facts: A sequence of bases (A’s, C’s, G’s, and T’s) that code for a protein is called a gene All of the base pairs along all the chromosomes in an organisms are that organisms genome 95% of the A’s, C’s, G’s and T’s do not code for any proteins – only 5% of DNA sequence in a genome are genes. Genome Sizes vary from species to species. The human genome contains over 3 Billion bases (A’s, C’s, G’s, and T’s). The Human genome contains about 35,000 different genes each consisting of about 27,000 base pairs.

23. When a cell is dividing, DNA winds up tightly and forms chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell. The genes are contained within the chromosome.

24. A karyotype is a picture showing the arrangement of a full set of chromosomes. Humans have 46 (or 23 pairs) of chromosomes

25. Alleles are forms of genes on chromosomes- Alleles – chromosome sections that code for specific proteins traits Each cell has two chromosomes with forms of genes on each.

26. Examples of alleles: Humans have alleles for blue eyes / brown eyes /green eyes curly/straight hair blood type A / B / O / AB

27. The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species. This also proves to be the basic level at which evolution occurs. Populations have alleles Gene pool – total of all the allele in the population Gene pool – total of all the allele in the population

30. 18.1 MICROEVOLUTION Population -- all the members of a single species Evolution that occurs within a population = microevolution Population genetics – studies variations in gene pools Code is responsible for the phenotype- expression of the gene

31. Evolution Changes in genetic makeup of a population The basic mechanisms of evolution Natural selection, mutation, and migration- Along with Genetic Drift

32. A. Causes of Evolution of Populations… 1. Genetic Mutations a ) Polymorphism (two or more distinct phenotypes) b) blood types, eye color..etc c) Mutations (can be harmful or beneficial) d) Some mutations may at first appear harmful, but give an advantage if the environment changes. -- this is referred to as RELATIVE FITNESS

35. Figure 18.3 Each rat snake represents a separate population of snakes These snake remain similar and can interbreed This keeps their gene pools somewhat similar They are considered subspecies Example of GENE FLOW

36. Genetic Drift In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendents (and genes, of course!) than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals. That, in a nutshell, is genetic drift. It happens to ALL populations—there’s no avoiding the vagaries of chance.. How is this different from Natural Selection? What will the next generation look like?

37. More Brown beetles, not because they are better adapted but by chance …

38. GENETIC DRIFT Refers to changes in allele frequencies, usually in small populations Occurs when founders start a new population or after a bottleneck

39. Bottleneck Effect – caused by a severe reduction in population, reduces overall diversity. Ex Cheetah Most alleles are yellow! Youtubebottleneck effect –lego population

40. FOUNDER EFFECT The founder effect is an example of genetic drift where rare alleles or combinations occur in higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population. Dwarfism in Amish communities Due to few German founders

41. Investigating Bottleneck Effect Trying to identify if a population is going through genetic drift is quite tough because it is such a slow procedure. Once the population that has survived the bottleneck reproduces the allele frequency compared to the parent population will be completely different. Look at some case studies to investigate whether an event in the 1860s that limited genetic variation among Navajos may have led to both children of a modern-day Navajo couple being born with a rare genetic disease called XP (the abbreviation for xeroderma pigmentosum).