1. Life at the Turn of the Century Cities grew and started to build upward. Skyscrapers were made possible because of elevators & steel. Louis Sullivan- architect of the 1 st skyscraper Daniel Burnham- designed the The Flatiron Building in NYC- best use of space

2. The Brooklyn Bridge was built in 14 years & opened in 1883.

3. Frederick Law Olmstead- designed Central Park in NYC. It was built as a haven away form city life. The park had boating and tennis facilities, a zoo, & bicycle paths.

4. Orville & Wilbur Wright- bicycle makers who made a plane that had the first successful flight in Kitty Hawk, NC. The plane went 120 feet for 12 seconds. George Eastman- invented the Kodak camera & started a photography craze.

5. Section 2: Education and Culture Compulsory Education (mandatory) for children Be familiar with education changes and advancements made at the turn of the century. Read Sec. 2 W.E.B Du Bois- the first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University. Believed that Af. Ams needed more educated men to become leaders. Niagara Movement (insisted on a liberal arts education) Booker T. Washington- born a slave & believed that labor/skills were necessary for Af. Am. to blend into American culture. Started Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Both of these men fought for African American equality, but had different opinions & approaches on how to achieve that.

6. Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) wrote novels portraying real American life that appealed to all ages. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

7. Sec. 3 Segregation and Discrimination Voting Restrictions: (used to limit Af. Am. Rights) Literacy test- asked difficult questions and sometimes had to read passages in a foreign language Poll tax- had to pay a tax to vote. Many poor southerners (mostly black) did not have the money Grandfather clause- said that if your grandfather had voted before 1867 then you could vote. (freed slaves could not vote before then) Jim Crow Laws- laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities. segregation- separating people on the basis of race. (schools, hospitals, parks, transportation, entertainment, etc.) Plessy vs. Ferguson- famous Supreme Court case. Read the case info on pg 290 and 291 and write a brief summary in your notes

8. Violence against Af. Americans Those who were accused of minor offenses were often treated cruelly. (shot, hanged, burned) Lynching- an illegal execution without a trial carried out by a mob. Billie Holliday (famous Jazz Singer) “Strange Fruit” Southern trees bear strange fruit, Blood on the leaves and blood at the root, Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. Pastoral scene of the gallant south, The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth, Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh, Then the sudden smell of burning flesh. Here is fruit for the crows to pluck, For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck, For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop, Here is a strange and bitter crop.

9. Sec. 4 Dawn of Mass Culture American Leisure Amusement Parks sprang up in the big cities Coney Island- in NYC was the most famous amusement park in the world Bicycling became a main past time for both men and women. “I think the bicycling has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world” Susan B. Anthony

10. Hershey’s bars Coca-Cola- founded by an Atlanta pharmacist who invented it to cure headaches Men and women picked up bicycling and tennis and spectator sports such as: boxing and baseball. Baseball became a professional with 4 Leagues American League, National League, Negro National, and Negro American League

11. Vaudeville- performances included song, dance,& slapstick comedy. Barnum & Bailey Circus “The Greatest Show on Earth” Minstrel Shows- African Americans performed racist stereotypes of Af. Am Ragtime- a new form of music that blended Af. Am. Spirituals and European musical forms. Scott Joplin- Af. Am pianist and composer who performed ragtime that eventually led to Jazz.

12. The Silver Screen- 1 st films were silent 1903 The Great Train Robbery Movies started to tell stories and most had heroes or heroines. D.W. Griffith- made an epic 3 hour film “Birth of a Nation”- was very racist and glorified the KKK NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)- works for the equality and rights of Af Americans. Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford- 2 most popular silent film stars

13. Newspapers and Media- Looked for ways to captivate audiences with sensational stories and headlines. Joseph Pultizer- Hungarian Immigrant that owned the New York World “sin, sex, and sensation” William Randolph Hearst- New York Morning Journal (Pulitzer’s main competitor) personal scandals, cruelty, etc. Department stores- Marshall Fields of Chicago was the 1 st Chain Store- bargains (five and dime) Woolworths Mail order catalogs- Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck