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Strong and Electroweak Matter 2004. Helsinki, 16-19 June. Angel Gómez Nicola Universidad Complutense Madrid
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Motivation T>0 ChPT pion electromagnetic form factors Thermal and poles Motivation
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After QGP hadronization and SB, the description of the meson gas must rely on Chiral Perturbation Theory (model independent, chiral power counting p,T << 1 GeV ) Only NGB mesons (and photons) involved. L 2 loops are O(p 2 ), divergences absorbed in L 4 and so on. L2L2 L4L4 L22L22 L6L6 Derivative and mass expansion nonlinear -model S.Weinberg, ‘79 J.Gasser&H.Leutwyler ’84,’85
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point towards Chiral Symmetry Restoration: J.Gasser&H.Leutwyler ‘87 P.Gerber&H.Leutwyler ‘89 A.Bochkarev&J.Kapusta ‘96 A.Dobado, J.R.Peláez ’99 ’01. T T=0 T
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J.L.Goity&H.Leutwyler, ‘89 A.Schenk, ‘93 R.Pisarski&M.Tytgat, ‘96 D.Toublan, ‘97 J.M.Martinez Resco&M.A.Valle, ‘98 Pion dispersion law: Nonequilibrium ChPT: f (t), amplification via parametric resonance. AGN ‘01
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However, ChPT alone cannot reproduce the light resonances ( , ,...) Needed to explain observed phenomena in RHIC. K.Kajantie et al ’96 C.Gale, J.Kapusta ’87 ‘91 G.Q.Li,C.M.Ko,G.E.Brown ‘95 H.J.Schulze, D.Blaschke ‘96,’03 V.L.Eletsky et al ‘01 Enhancement consistent with a dropping M and a significant broadening in the hadron gas at freeze-out.
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CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING UNITARITY + Inverse Amplitude Method “Thermal” poles Dynamically generated (no explicit resonance fields) OUR APPROACH AGN, F.J.Llanes-Estrada, J.R.Peláez PLB550, 55 (2002), hep-ph/0405273 A.Dobado, AGN, F.J.Llanes-Estrada, J.R.Peláez, PRC66, 055201 (2002) scattering amplitude and form factors in T > 0 SU(2) ChPT
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Motivation T>0 ChPT pion electromagnetic form factors Thermal and poles T>0 ChPT pion electromagnetic form factors
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Pion form factors enter directly in the dilepton rate: In the central region the dominant channel is pion annihilation: e+e+ e-e- e+e+ e-e- ~+... (thermal equilibrium)
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At T>0 a more general structure is allowed: k = p 1 - p 2 S = p 1 + p 2 ChPT to O(p 4 ) (At T = 0, F t (S 2 )= F s (S 2 ), G s = 0) Related by gauge invariance to dispersion law in hot matter
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T 0 limit (J.Gasser&H.Leutwyler 1984). Gauge invariance condition.Thermal perturbative unitarity in the c.o.m. frame (see later) T>0 ChPT calculation to O(p 4 ): L 2 one loop L 4 tree level (including renormalization)
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Model independent ! Confirms Dominguez et al ’94 (QCD sum rules) The pion electromagnetic charge radius at T>0 (rough) deconfinement estimate: Charge screening Kapusta
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H.A.Weldon ’92 Enhancement Absorption Thermal perturbative unitarity: Likewise, for the thermal amplitude: Consider c.om. frame (, back to back dileptons) 2 thermal phase space: (1+n B ) 2 n B 2 I=J=1 scattering partial wave 1 to lowest order
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Motivation T>0 ChPT pion electromagnetic form factors Thermal and poles
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Excellent T=0 data description up to 1 GeV energies and resonance generation as s poles in the complex amplitude. T.N.Truong, ‘88 A.Dobado, M.J.Herrero,T.N.Truong, ‘90 A.Dobado&J.R.Peláez, ’93,’97 J.A.Oller, E.Oset, J.R.Peláez, ’99 A.Dobado, M.J.Herrero, E.Ruiz Morales ‘00 AGN&J.R.Peláez ‘02 Unitarization: The Inverse Amplitude Method Exact unitarity at T>0 + ChPT matching at low energies Valid to O(n B ) (only 2 thermal states, dilute gas).
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SU(2) L 4 constants from T=0 fit of phase shifts: (770) Thermal and poles I=J=0I=J=1 2n B (M /2) 0.3 Consistent with Chiral Symmetry Restoration: : M M m (m (T) much softer) first by phase space but decreases as M m suppresses 2 decay. (similar results to T.Hatsuda, T.Kunihiro et al, ’98,’00 ) * Small M change at low T (VMD*). Further decrease consistent with phenomenological estimates and observed behaviour (STAR ) * M.Dey, V.L.Eletsky&B.L.Ioffe, 1990 Significant broadening as required by dilepton data.
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The unitarized form factor Peak reduction and spreading around M compatible with dilepton spectrum (n B contributions alone overestimate data) and other calculations including explicitly resonances under VMD assumption (C.Song and V.Koch, ’96) m = 139.6 MeV f = 92.4 MeV (T=0 form factor fit)
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Chiral Perturbation Theory provides model-independent predictions for meson gas properties. In one-loop ChPT, we have calculated scattering amplitudes and the two independent form factors, checking gauge invariance and thermal unitarity. The electromagnetic pion radius grows for T>100 MeV, favouring a deconfinement temperature T c ~200 MeV. Imposing unitarity in SU(2) allows to describe the thermal and poles in the amplitudes and form factors. Our results show a clear increase of (T) and a slow M (T) reduction consistently with theoretical and experimental analysis, including dilepton data. (T) and M (T) behave according to Chiral Symmetry Restoration. Angular dependence, plasma expansion, + - e + e , baryon density, hadronic photon spectrum,...
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VMD coupling For s M T 2, T << T and a at rest: (Breit-Wigner) IAM + Thermal Unitarity (expected very low-T behaviour: T only by phase space increase) M T M 0 R T R 0 With our calculated a (4) (s; ) Higher T T,M T, R T corrections and thermal poles for s (appropriate analytic structure)
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T-dependence of the phase shifts: Temperature enhances the interaction strength in all channels 11 gives the tail Compatible with at low T The enhancement is dominated by phase space T ( SR,T.Hatsuda et al) (not a strong | a 00 | enhancement near threshold) H.A.Weldon, 1983 M.Dey, V.L.Eletsky&B.L.Ioffe, 1990 C.Gale&J.Kapusta, 1991 R.D.Pisarski, 1995 VMD prediction
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From the IAM poles (770) Not a BW ! From the IAM I=J=1 phase shift shape SU(2) L 4 constants from T=0 fit: M 0 = 770 MeV 0 = 159 MeV Consistent with Chiral Symmetry Restoration: : M M m (m (T) much softer, A.Schenk, 1993 ) at first by T but decreases as M m disallows 2 decay. (similar results to T.Hatsuda, T.Kunihiro et al )
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2n B (M /2) 0.3 M T decrease consistent with phenomenological analysis Little M T change at low T, as predicted by VMD Effective VMD vertex (g 0 6.2). Expected low T behaviour (C.Song&V.Koch 1996). Significant deviations from pure thermal phase space broadening as T increases
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m = 139.6 MeV f = 92.4 MeV (T=0 fit)
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