1. Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

2. Biopsychology Domain

3. Consciousness

4. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Module 08

5. Module Overview Consciousness Body Rhythms Sleep and Sleep Deficit Why We Sleep Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

6. Consciousness Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

7. Consciousness Awareness of yourself and your environment.

8. Body Rhythms Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

9. Pseudoscientific Claim Any assertion that appears scientific but is not based on science. Appears to be scientific but is not

10. Biological Rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations. Can affect physiological functioning Fall into three main categories –Circadian Rhythms –Ultradian Rhythms –Infradian Rhythms

11. Circadian Rhythms Biological rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours. Example: Sleep-wake cycle and temperature

12. Ultradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day. Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

13. Infradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season. Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

14. Sleep and Sleep Deficit Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

15. Sleep Deprivation Effects Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning Safety and accident issues Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc.

16. Sleep Deprivation

17. Why We Sleep Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

18. Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment Changes levels of hormones in the body

19. Melatonin Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms. Linked to the sleep-wake cycle Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

20. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons: –Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night –Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

21. Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

22. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface; electrodes placed on the scalp measure these waves.

23. EEG

25. Wake State to Stage 1

26. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

27. Stage 1

28. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

29. Stage 2

30. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep Slow wave sleep First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

31. Stage 3

32. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

33. Non-REM Sleep Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non- REM sleep)

34. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Called rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Considered “paradoxical sleep” Term coined by William Dement

35. Paradoxical Sleep During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake Pulse and breathing quickens. REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

36. Typical Night’s Sleep

37. Stage 4/REM Changes

38. Sleep Changes through Life

39. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream? Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

40. Information-Processing Theory Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

41. Information-Processing Theory

42. Physiological Function Theory Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

43. Physiological Function Theory

44. Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

45. Activation Synthesis Theory

46. Cognitive Development Theory Dreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive development

47. Cognitive Development Theory

48. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

49. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

50. Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Tend to be loud snorers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

51. Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

52. Somnambulism Sleepwalking, which usually starts in the deep stages of NREM sleep; the sleepwalker can walk or talk and is able to see but rarely has any memory of the event.

53. Night Terrors Sleep related problem characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during NREM 3 sleep, occur within two or three hours of falling sleep, and are seldom remembered.

54. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep –Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

55. The End