1. Crisis & Revolution in Europe

2. I.Economic Difficulties questions from your book notes?

3. II.Witchcraft causes of this social crisis? uncertainty?  see your book notes who was accused of witchcraft? during the 16 th & 17 th centuries, between 100,000 & 200,000 people were tried for witchcraft; 50,000 to 100,000 were executed

4. III.The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) “the last of the religious wars” (p. 435) review – Peace of Augsburg (1555) Protestant Union(1608) – an alliance formed by Lutheran princes to protect their territory  Catholics responded with the Catholic League (1609) war began with the defenestration of Prague (May 23, 1618)  Protestants threw two of the king’s officials out of a castle window in Prague – and they survived! eventually, the Thirty Years’ War involved nearly every European power – EXCEPT England

5. most of the war was fought on German soil the war ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)  a turning point in European political, religious & social history  all German states could determine their own religion  northern German states = Protestant  southern German states = Catholic  the 300+ German states became independent states  end of the Holy Roman Empire effects of war on German lands?  1/3 of urban residents & 2/5 of rural residents died  destruction of countryside  economic instability & terrible inflation

7. IV.Turmoil in England Elizabeth I died in 1603, ending the Tudor dynasty  her cousin, James I (king of Scotland) assumed the English throne, starting the Stuart dynasty divine right of kings – the belief that kings receive their power from God... and are responsible only to God  James I strongly believed in this theory, as did most European monarchs

8. the theory of divine right angered Parliament  review – Magna Carta (1215)  power of the purse the next king, Charles I, attempted to govern without Parliament (1629-1640) religious differences  Church of England  Catholics  Puritans  wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church of its more “Catholic” elements  when Charles I abandoned Parliament in 1629, some Puritans chose to emigrate to the Americas

9. V.English Civil War (1642-1649) issue: would sovereignty (the right to govern) belong to the king or Parliament?  Cavaliers vs. Roundheads Cromwell’s forces won the war  Jan. 30, 1649 – Charles I executed for high treason the Rump Parliament (those reps. friendly to Cromwell) abolished the monarchy & declared England to be a commonwealth eventually, Cromwell’s rule became a military dictatorship  this period is known as the Interregnum (1649-1660 – the time period between 2 monarchical periods)

11. VI.The Restoration Charles II was restored to the throne (r. 1660-1685)  both houses of Parliament were restored as well  new crown jewels unfortunately, religious conflict remained when the Catholic James II became king in 1685, many feared that England would again become Catholic  had a son with his 2 nd wife in 1588 – seemed to ensure a Catholic dynasty

12. VII.The Glorious Revolution (1688-89) a group of English noblemen invited James II’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to seize power ended divine right monarchy in England power in England was to be shared between the king & Parliament  the king ruled with the consent of the governed  origins of a constitutional monarchy (a limited monarchy) English Bill of Rights (1689)  laws made by Parliament  judges would serve terms “during good behavior”  no standing army in peacetime  freedom of worship for Protestant dissenters  required that all English monarchs be Protestant  effect on England’s colonies in the Americas?

13. Westminster Abbey – site of the coronation of English monarchs since 1066